Research

Non-Fungible Token (NFT): What It Means and How It Works?

Learn more about an NFT, or non-fungible token, and how it works.
Token Metrics Team
12 minutes
MIN

The most expensive NFT sale to date was Beeple's Everydays: The First 5000 Days, which sold for $69.3 million. This highlights the growing interest in NFTs and the potential for them to be used as a vehicle for sharing virtually any form of media using the blockchain.

But what is an NFT? Let's find out.

What is an NFT?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are unique digital assets with blockchain-managed ownership. They are stored on a blockchain and cannot be replicated or destroyed, making them resistant to tampering. NFTs can represent a wide range of items, including game items, digital art, collectibles, event tickets, and even ownership records for physical assets.

Unlike traditional cryptocurrencies, which are interchangeable and can be easily replicated, NFTs are non-fungible, meaning they have unique qualities that make them one-of-a-kind. This is why NFTs have gained popularity in the art world, where they can be used to verify the authenticity of a digital artwork and ensure that it cannot be copied or stolen.

How Can We Ensure Unique Authenticity?

When someone purchases an NFT, they not only receive the artwork itself, but also a digital receipt that proves that the piece is original, unique, and authentic. This receipt is stored on the blockchain and can be easily accessed and verified by anyone who wants to confirm the ownership and authenticity of the NFT.

While it is technically possible for someone to take a screenshot of an NFT and claim that they own it, this does not give them legal ownership of the artwork. Just like taking a picture of the Mona Lisa at the Louvre does not mean that you own the painting, taking a screenshot of an NFT does not give you ownership of the artwork.

To legally own an NFT, you must purchase it using cryptocurrency and store it in a virtual showcase. This allows you to own and display your artwork in a way that is secure and verifiable, and it ensures that you are the legal owner of the NFT.

NFT Basics You Need To Know

Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are unique digital files that are stored on a blockchain. A blockchain is a decentralized, public digital ledger that records every transaction that takes place on the decentralized web. This means that the entire history of an NFT, including its creator, properties, transactions, and smart contracts, is backed by a powerful blockchain.

NFTs are different from fungible tokens, such as Bitcoin or Ethereum, which are interchangeable and store value. In contrast, NFTs store data on the blockchain, making them unique and non-replicable.

Important Traits Of NFTs

Some key characteristics of NFTs include:

  • Digital ownership: NFTs are owned and controlled by the individuals who hold them in their digital wallets.
  • Permanent: The data associated with an NFT is permanently stored within the token itself. This can include images, messages, signatures, or any other data.
  • Permission-less: NFTs can be built on a permission-less blockchain, such as Ethereum, meaning that anyone can create and use them.
  • Programmable: Because an NFT is just a piece of code on a blockchain, it can be programmed to have various attributes. For example, an NFT artwork might be programmed to pay the artist royalties on every secondary sale of that artwork.
  • Unique: The uniqueness of an NFT can be verified on the blockchain, ensuring that it is one-of-a-kind and cannot be replicated.

How to Own One? 

To create an NFT, there are several steps that you can follow:

  1. Get your media ready: NFTs support a variety of file types, such as MP3 audio, JPG and PNG images, and 3D files like GLB.
  2. Set up a non-custodial wallet: This will allow you to securely store the cryptocurrency that you will use to buy, sell, and create NFTs. Wallets are also necessary for signing in and creating accounts on NFT marketplaces.
  3. Buy Ethereum or other fungible tokens: You will need to purchase cryptocurrency to cover the cost of minting your NFT.
  4. Connect your wallet to an NFT marketplace: Popular options include Rarible and OpenSea. Connect your wallet by tapping the "Connect" button in the top right corner of the screen. This will create your account and allow you to start creating, minting, and selling your NFTs.
  5. Upload your file and describe your asset: Once you have connected your wallet, you can upload your file to the marketplace and provide a description of your asset. Decide if you want to create a standalone piece or multiple copies of the same NFT.
  6. Mint your NFT: The minting process requires Ethereum for transaction approvals. Once complete, your digital artwork will be ready to be traded and purchased on the marketplace.

Once you have created your NFT, there are several things that you can do with it:

  • Buy and sell it on a marketplace
  • Trade or gift it to others
  • Use it in apps or games
  • Showcase your public NFT inventory on a platform or social media.

The Secondary Markets for NFTs

NFT minting platforms enable creators to create non-fungible tokens (NFTs) to retain more control over their creative output. These NFTs can be sold on the following secondary marketplaces:

  • OpenSea: The first and largest marketplace for NFTs, OpenSea is committed to using open protocols like Ethereum and interoperable standards like ERC-721 and ERC-1155 to enable new digital economies. The platform allows consumers to trade items freely, creators to launch new digital works, and developers to build marketplaces for their digital items. It recently launched the beta version of its Solana-based NFT marketplace.
  • Coinbase NFT: Coinbase recently opened its NFT marketplace to the public in beta. The marketplace acts as a social media platform where users can buy, sell, and interact with NFTs. It aims to make minting, purchasing, showcasing, and discovering NFTs easier.
  • Solanart: Solanart is the first and largest fully-fledged NFT marketplace on Solana. Users can easily access digital collectibles and explore, buy, and sell NFTs that run on the Solana blockchain.
  • Rarible: Rarible is a do-it-yourself NFT marketplace where creators can mint NFTs with ease. The platform's native governance token, "RARI," is used to incentivize users and give the community a voice. However, unrestricted access means that Rarible has become a place for people to mint counterfeit versions of existing NFTs.
  • Nifty Gateway: Owned by the Gemini crypto exchange, Nifty Gateway is a popular NFT marketplace that focuses on user-friendly and viral drops by celebrated artists.
  • SuperRare: SuperRare (SR) is one of Ethereum's first crypto-art NFT marketplaces. Only accepted artists can participate in the platform, where users can discover, buy, and sell tokenized digital art and showcase their collections.

The demand for secondary NFT sales is growing rapidly, leading to increased competition among these marketplaces. Like the early days of Web 1 and 2.0, the emergence of Web 3.0 has created an open market where these platforms must find ways to attract and retain customers.

Some Notable NFT Projects

The thriving NFT market has led to the launch of several high-value projects, including the following companies:

  • Yuga Labs: a blockchain technology company that develops Ethereum-based NFTs and digital collectibles. Yuga's first project, Bored Ape Yacht Club, is one of the most valuable NFT collectibles in the space. The company has also rewarded its holders with free NFTs and other perks. Yuga Labs recently acquired Larva Labs, which brings high-value projects like Cryptopunks and Meebits under the Yuga brand. The company is backed by investors like Coinbase, Samsung, and Mark Cuban.
  • Doodles: a collection of 10,000 Ethereum-based NFTs featuring unique visual traits designed by BurntToast. The Doodles collection includes rare heads, costumes, and colorways, and the universe is ever-expanding. Owners of Doodles have exclusive access to new products, merchandise, and events.
  • Okay Bears: a collection of 10,000 Solana-based NFTs. Ownership of an Okay Bear grants access to a virtuous community that will extend beyond the internet into the real world.

‍The Future of NFTs

Blockchain technology is known for its ability to represent assets and prove ownership. NFTs take this a step further by enabling people to potentially purchase non-fungible assets like land and gold. The global market cap for gold and real estate is over $300 trillion, so even a small percentage of that being tokenized would greatly increase the total crypto market cap. Tokenized real estate offers ordinary people the opportunity to invest in real estate, which has traditionally been difficult for the average person to participate in.

NFTs also have applications in other industries. For example, Nike recently filed a patent for NFT-enabled sneakers called "CryptoKicks." In 2019, Louis Vuitton announced plans to use NFTs to track the ownership of luxury fashion items. NFTs can also be used to tokenize certifications, degrees, and licenses, as well as sensitive data like medical records. The potential for NFTs to show ownership of any non-fungible commodity, whether real or virtual, is vast.

In conclusion, the use of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) has expanded beyond digital art and collectibles to include a wide range of real and virtual assets. The ability of NFTs to represent and prove ownership offers exciting possibilities for industries such as real estate, fashion, and even healthcare. As the technology and market continue to evolve, the potential applications for NFTs are endless.

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Token Metrics Team
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Research

Mastering the ChatGPT API: Practical Developer Guide

Token Metrics Team
5
MIN

ChatGPT API has become a foundational tool for building conversational agents, content generation pipelines, and AI-powered features across web and mobile apps. This guide walks through how the API works, common integration patterns, cost and performance considerations, prompt engineering strategies, and security and compliance checkpoints — all framed to help developers design reliable, production-ready systems.

Overview: What the ChatGPT API Provides

The ChatGPT API exposes a conversational, instruction-following model through RESTful endpoints. It accepts structured inputs (messages, system instructions, temperature, max tokens) and returns generated messages and usage metrics. Key capabilities include multi-turn context handling, role-based prompts (system, user, assistant), and streaming responses for lower perceived latency.

When evaluating the API for a project, consider three high-level dimensions: functional fit (can it produce the outputs you need?), operational constraints (latency, throughput, rate limits), and cost model (token usage and pricing). Structuring experiments around these dimensions produces clearer decisions than ad-hoc prototyping.

How the ChatGPT API Works: Architecture & Tokens

At a technical level, the API exchanges conversational messages composed of roles and content. The model's input size is measured in tokens, not characters; both prompts and generated outputs consume tokens. Developers must account for:

  • Input tokens: system+user messages sent with the request.
  • Output tokens: model-generated content returned in the response.
  • Context window: maximum tokens the model accepts per request, limiting historical context you can preserve.

Token-awareness is essential for cost control and designing concise prompts. Tools exist to estimate token counts for given strings; include these estimates in batching and truncation logic to prevent failed requests due to exceeding the context window.

Integration Patterns and Use Cases

Common patterns for integrating the ChatGPT API map to different functional requirements:

  1. Frontend chat widget: Short, low-latency requests per user interaction with streaming enabled for better UX.
  2. Server-side orchestration: Useful for multi-step workflows, retrieving and combining external data before calling the model.
  3. Batch generation pipelines: For large-scale content generation, precompute outputs asynchronously and store results for retrieval.
  4. Hybrid retrieval-augmented generation (RAG): Combine a knowledge store or vector DB with retrieval calls to ground responses in up-to-date data.

Select a pattern based on latency tolerance, concurrency requirements, and the need to control outputs with additional logic or verifiable sources.

Cost, Rate Limits, and Performance Considerations

Pricing for ChatGPT-style APIs typically ties to token usage and model selection. For production systems, optimize costs and performance by:

  • Choosing the right model: Use smaller models for routine tasks where quality/latency tradeoffs are acceptable.
  • Prompt engineering: Make prompts concise and directive to reduce input tokens and avoid unnecessary generation.
  • Caching and deduplication: Cache common queries and reuse cached outputs when applicable to avoid repeated cost.
  • Throttling: Implement exponential backoff and request queuing to respect rate limits and avoid cascading failures.

Measure end-to-end latency including network, model inference, and application processing. Use streaming when user-perceived latency matters; otherwise, batch requests for throughput efficiency.

Best Practices: Prompt Design, Testing, and Monitoring

Robust ChatGPT API usage blends engineering discipline with iterative evaluation:

  • Prompt templates: Maintain reusable templates with placeholders to enforce consistent style and constraints.
  • Automated tests: Create unit and integration tests that validate output shape, safety checks, and critical content invariants.
  • Safety filters and moderation: Run model outputs through moderation or rule-based filters to detect unwanted content.
  • Instrumentation: Log request/response sizes, latencies, token usage, and error rates. Aggregate metrics to detect regressions.
  • Fallback strategies: Implement graceful degradation (e.g., canned responses or reduced functionality) when API latency spikes or quota limits are reached.

Adopt iterative prompt tuning: A/B different system instructions, sampling temperatures, and max tokens while measuring relevance, correctness, and safety against representative datasets.

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FAQ: What is the ChatGPT API and when should I use it?

The ChatGPT API is a conversational model endpoint for generating text based on messages and instructions. Use it when you need flexible, context-aware text generation such as chatbots, summarization, or creative writing assistants.

FAQ: How do tokens impact cost and context?

Tokens measure both input and output size. Longer prompts and longer responses increase token counts, which raises cost and can hit the model's context window limit. Optimize prompts and truncate history when necessary.

FAQ: What are common strategies for handling rate limits?

Implement client-side throttling, request queuing, exponential backoff on 429 responses, and prioritize critical requests. Monitor usage patterns and adjust concurrency to avoid hitting provider limits.

FAQ: How do I design effective prompts?

Start with a clear system instruction to set tone and constraints, use examples for format guidance, keep user prompts concise, and test iteratively. Templates and guardrails reduce variability in outputs.

FAQ: What security and privacy practices should I follow?

Secure API keys (do not embed in client code), encrypt data in transit and at rest, anonymize sensitive user data when possible, and review provider data usage policies. Apply access controls and rotate keys periodically.

FAQ: When should I use streaming responses?

Use streaming to improve perceived responsiveness for chat-like experiences or long outputs. Streaming reduces time-to-first-token and allows progressive rendering in UIs.

Disclaimer

This article is for informational and technical guidance only. It does not constitute legal, compliance, or investment advice. Evaluate provider terms and conduct your own testing before deploying models in production.

Research

Mastering the OpenAI API: Practical Guide

Token Metrics Team
5
MIN

The OpenAI API has become a foundation for building modern AI applications, from chat assistants to semantic search and generative agents. This post breaks down how the API works, core endpoints, implementation patterns, operational considerations, and practical tips to get reliable results while managing cost and risk.

How the OpenAI API Works

The OpenAI API exposes pre-trained and fine-tunable models through RESTful endpoints. At a high level, you send text or binary payloads and receive structured responses — completions, chat messages, embeddings, or file-based fine-tune artifacts. Communication is typically via HTTPS with JSON payloads. Authentication uses API keys scoped to your account, and responses include usage metadata to help with monitoring.

Understanding the data flow is useful: client app → API request (model, prompt, params) → model inference → API response (text, tokens, embeddings). Latency depends on model size, input length, and concurrency. Many production systems put the API behind a middleware layer to handle retries, caching, and prompt templating.

Key Features & Endpoints

The API surface typically includes several core capabilities you should know when planning architecture:

  • Chat/Completion: Generate conversational or free-form text. Use system, user, and assistant roles for structured prompts.
  • Embeddings: Convert text to dense vectors for semantic search, clustering, and retrieval-augmented generation.
  • Fine-tuning: Customize models on domain data to improve alignment with specific tasks.
  • Files & Transcriptions: Upload assets for fine-tune datasets or to transcribe audio to text.
  • Moderation & Safety Tools: Automated checks can help flag content that violates policy constraints before generation is surfaced.

Choosing the right endpoint depends on the use case: embeddings for search/indexing, chat for conversational interfaces, and fine-tuning for repetitive, domain-specific prompts where consistency matters.

Practical Implementation Tips

Design patterns and practical tweaks reduce friction in real-world systems. Here are tested approaches:

  1. Prompt engineering and templates: Extract frequently used structures into templates and parameterize variables. Keep system messages concise and deterministic.
  2. Chunking & retrieval: For long-context tasks, use embeddings + vector search to retrieve relevant snippets and feed only the most salient content into the model.
  3. Batching & caching: Batch similar requests where possible to reduce API calls. Cache embeddings and immutable outputs to lower cost and latency.
  4. Retry logic and idempotency: Implement exponential backoff for transient errors and idempotent request IDs for safe retries.
  5. Testing and evaluation: Use automated tests to validate response quality across edge cases and measure drift over time.

For development workflows, maintain separate API keys and quotas for staging and production, and log both prompts and model responses (with privacy controls) to enable debugging and iterative improvement.

Security, Cost Control, and Rate Limits

Operational concerns are often the difference between a prototype and a resilient product. Key considerations include:

  • Authentication: Store keys securely, rotate them regularly, and avoid embedding them in client-side code.
  • Rate limits & concurrency: Respect published rate limits. Use client-side queues and server-side throttling to smooth bursts and avoid 429 errors.
  • Cost monitoring: Track token usage by endpoint and user to identify high-cost flows. Use sampling and quotas to prevent runaway spend.
  • Data handling & privacy: Define retention and redaction rules for prompts and responses. Understand whether user data is used for model improvement and configure opt-out where necessary.

Instrumenting observability — latency, error rates, token counts per request — lets you correlate model choices with operational cost and end-user experience.

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What are common failure modes and how to mitigate them?

Common issues include prompt ambiguity, hallucinations, token truncation, and rate-limit throttling. Mitigation strategies:

  • Ambiguity: Add explicit constraints and examples in prompts.
  • Hallucination: Use retrieval-augmented generation and cite sources where possible.
  • Truncation: Monitor token counts and implement summarization or chunking for long inputs.
  • Throttling: Apply client-side backoff and request shaping to prevent bursts.

Run adversarial tests to discover brittle prompts and incorporate guardrails in your application logic.

Scaling and Architecture Patterns

For scale, separate concerns into layers: ingestion, retrieval/indexing, inference orchestration, and post-processing. Use a vector database for embeddings, a message queue for burst handling, and server-side orchestration for prompt composition and retries. Edge caching for static outputs reduces repeated calls for common queries.

Consider hybrid strategies where smaller models run locally for simple tasks and the API is used selectively for high-value or complex inferences to balance cost and latency.

FAQ: How to get started and troubleshoot

What authentication method does the OpenAI API use?

Most implementations use API keys sent in an Authorization header. Keys must be protected server-side. Rotate keys periodically and restrict scopes where supported.

Which models are best for embeddings versus chat?

Embedding-optimized models produce dense vectors for semantic tasks. Chat or completion models prioritize dialogue coherence and instruction-following. Select based on task: search and retrieval use embeddings; conversational agents use chat endpoints.

How can I reduce latency for user-facing apps?

Use caching, smaller models for simple tasks, pre-compute embeddings for common queries, and implement warm-up strategies. Also evaluate regional endpoints and keep payload sizes minimal to reduce round-trip time.

What are best practices for fine-tuning?

Curate high-quality, representative datasets. Keep prompts consistent between fine-tuning and inference. Monitor for overfitting and validate on held-out examples to ensure generalization.

How do I monitor and manage costs effectively?

Track token usage by endpoint and user journey, set per-key quotas, and sample outputs rather than logging everything. Use batching and caching to reduce repeated calls, and enforce strict guards on long or recursive prompts.

Can I use the API for production-critical systems?

Yes, with careful design. Add retries, fallbacks, safety checks, and human-in-the-loop reviews for high-stakes outcomes. Maintain SLAs that reflect model performance variability and instrument monitoring for regressions.

Disclaimer

This article is for educational purposes only. It explains technical concepts, implementation patterns, and operational considerations related to the OpenAI API. It does not provide investment, legal, or regulatory advice. Always review provider documentation and applicable policies before deploying systems.

Research

Inside DeepSeek API: Advanced Search for Crypto Intelligence

Token Metrics Team
5
MIN

DeepSeek API has emerged as a specialized toolkit for developers and researchers who need granular, semantically rich access to crypto-related documents, on-chain data, and developer content. This article breaks down how the DeepSeek API works, common integration patterns, practical research workflows, and how AI-driven platforms can complement its capabilities without making investment recommendations.

What the DeepSeek API Does

The DeepSeek API is designed to index and retrieve contextual information across heterogeneous sources: whitepapers, GitHub repos, forum threads, on-chain events, and more. Unlike keyword-only search, DeepSeek focuses on semantic matching—returning results that align with the intent of a query rather than only literal token matches.

Key capabilities typically include:

  • Semantic embeddings for natural language search.
  • Document chunking and contextual retrieval for long-form content.
  • Metadata filtering (chain, contract address, author, date).
  • Streamed or batched query interfaces for different throughput needs.

Typical Architecture & Integration Patterns

Integrating the DeepSeek API into a product follows common design patterns depending on latency and scale requirements:

  1. Server-side retrieval layer: Your backend calls DeepSeek to fetch semantically ranked documents, then performs post-processing and enrichment before returning results to clients.
  2. Edge-caching and rate management: Cache popular queries and embeddings to reduce costs and improve responsiveness. Use exponential backoff and quota awareness for production stability.
  3. AI agent workflows: Use the API to retrieve context windows for LLM prompts—DeepSeek's chunked documents can help keep prompts relevant without exceeding token budgets.

When building integrations, consider privacy, data retention, and whether you need to host a private index versus relying on a hosted DeepSeek endpoint.

Research Workflows & Practical Tips

Researchers using the DeepSeek API can follow a repeatable workflow to ensure comprehensive coverage and defensible results:

  • Define intent and query templates: Create structured queries that capture entity names, contract addresses, or conceptual prompts (e.g., “protocol upgrade risks” + contract).
  • Layer filters: Use metadata to constrain results to a chain, date range, or document type to reduce noise.
  • Iterative narrowing: Start with wide semantic searches, then narrow with follow-up queries using top results as new seeds.
  • Evaluate relevance: Score results using both DeepSeek’s ranking and custom heuristics (recency, authoritativeness, on-chain evidence).
  • Document provenance: Capture source URLs, timestamps, and checksums for reproducibility.

For reproducible experiments, version your query templates and save query-result sets alongside analysis notes.

Limitations, Costs, and Risk Factors

Understanding the constraints of a semantic retrieval API is essential for reliable outputs:

  • Semantic drift: Embeddings and ranking models can favor topical similarity that may miss critical technical differences. Validate with deterministic checks (contract bytecode, event logs).
  • Data freshness: Indexing cadence affects the visibility of the newest commits or on-chain events. Verify whether the API supports near-real-time indexing if that matters for your use case.
  • Cost profile: High-volume or high-recall retrieval workloads can be expensive. Design sampling and caching strategies to control costs.
  • Bias and coverage gaps: Not all sources are equally represented. Cross-check against primary sources where possible.

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FAQ: What developers ask most about DeepSeek API

What data sources does DeepSeek index?

DeepSeek typically indexes a mix of developer-centric and community data: GitHub, whitepapers, documentation sites, forums, and on-chain events. Exact coverage depends on the provider's ingestion pipeline and configuration options you choose when provisioning indexes.

How do embeddings improve search relevance?

Embeddings map text into vector space where semantic similarity becomes measurable as geometric closeness. This allows queries to match documents by meaning rather than shared keywords, improving recall for paraphrased or conceptually related content.

Can DeepSeek return structured on-chain data?

While DeepSeek is optimized for textual retrieval, many deployments support linking to structured on-chain records. A common pattern is to return document results with associated on-chain references (contract addresses, event IDs) so downstream systems can fetch transaction-level details from block explorers or node APIs.

How should I evaluate result quality?

Use a combination of automated metrics (precision@k, recall sampling) and human review. For technical subjects, validate excerpts against source code, transaction logs, and authoritative docs to avoid false positives driven by surface-level similarity.

What are best practices for using DeepSeek with LLMs?

Keep retrieved context concise and relevant: prioritize high-salience chunks, include provenance for factual checks, and use retrieval augmentation to ground model outputs. Also, monitor token usage and prefer compressed summaries for long sources.

How does it compare to other crypto APIs?

DeepSeek is focused on semantic retrieval and contextual search, while other crypto APIs may prioritize raw market data, on-chain metrics, or analytics dashboards. Combining DeepSeek-style search with specialized APIs (for price, on-chain metrics, or signals) yields richer tooling for research workflows.

Where can I learn more or get a demo?

Explore provider docs and example use cases. For integrated AI research and ratings, see Token Metrics which demonstrates how semantic retrieval can be paired with model-driven analysis for structured insights.

Disclaimer

This article is for informational and technical education only. It does not constitute investment advice, endorsements, or recommendations. Evaluate tools and data sources critically and consider legal and compliance requirements before deployment.

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