Crypto Basics

What are ERC20 Tokens and How Does it Work?

Discover the inner workings of ERC20 tokens in this comprehensive guide. Uncover how these tokens power the world of decentralized finance.
Marcus K
10 Minutes
MIN

Cryptocurrencies have revolutionized the way we think about digital assets and transactions. Among the many innovations in the blockchain space, ERC20 tokens have emerged as a prominent standard for creating and managing tokens on the Ethereum blockchain. 

In this comprehensive guide, we will explore what ERC20 tokens are, their history, how they work, their importance and impact, advantages and disadvantages, and provide a list of top ERC20 tokens. So, let's dive in and unravel the fascinating world of ERC20 tokens.

What is ERC20?

ERC20 stands for Ethereum Request for Comment 20 and is the technical standard for creating fungible tokens on the Ethereum blockchain. 

Unlike non-fungible tokens (NFTs), which are unique and not interchangeable, ERC20 tokens are fungible, meaning they can be exchanged on a one-to-one basis with other tokens of the same type. 

These tokens represent assets, rights, ownership, access, or even cryptocurrencies that are not unique in themselves but can be transferred.

The ERC20 standard enables developers to create smart-contract-enabled tokens that can be used with various products and services. 

Since its implementation, most tokens in the Ethereum ecosystem have been created using the ERC20 standard, making it a crucial part of the Ethereum blockchain's functionality.

History of ERC20

To understand the significance of ERC20 tokens, let's look at their history. In 2015, as smart contracts gained popularity, developers realized the need for a standardized token methodology within the Ethereum ecosystem. 

Each application would require its own token without a standard, leading to interoperability issues and difficulties in exchanging tokens between different applications.

To address this problem, developer Fabian Vogelsteller proposed the ERC20 standard 2015 through the Ethereum Request for Comment (ERC) process on the project's Github page. 

The proposal, initially known as ERC-20 due to its designation as the twentieth comment, was later approved and implemented as Ethereum Improvement Proposal 20 (EIP-20) in 2017.

The approval and implementation of the ERC20 standard ensured that all smart contract tokens implemented on the Ethereum blockchain would adhere to the same set of rules, making them compatible and easily exchangeable.

How Does ERC20 Work?

To understand how ERC20 tokens work, let's delve into their underlying structure and functionality. ERC20 tokens consist of a list of functions and events that must be implemented in a token's smart contract to be considered ERC20 compliant.

ERC20 Functions

The ERC20 standard defines six mandatory functions that a token must have:

  • TotalSupply: This function returns the total number of tokens ever issued.
  • BalanceOf: The BalanceOf function allows users to check the balance of a specific token owner's account.
  • Transfer: The Transfer function automatically transfers a specified number of tokens to a designated address.
  • TransferFrom: This function allows the automatic transfer of a specified number of tokens from one address to another.
  • Approve: The Approve function grants permission to a designated address to withdraw a specific number of tokens from the token owner's account.
  • Allowance: The Allowance function returns the number of tokens approved for withdrawal by a spender from the token owner's account.

These functions provide a standard interface for ERC20 tokens, allowing them to be easily accessed, recognized, and used within the Ethereum ecosystem.

ERC20 Events

In addition to functions, ERC20 tokens also include two mandatory events:

  • Transfer: The Transfer event is triggered when a transfer of tokens is successfully executed.
  • Approval: The Approval event logs the approval of a specific address to spend a certain number of tokens.

These events help keep track of token transfers and approvals within the blockchain.

Optional ERC20 Features

Although the six functions and two events mentioned above are mandatory for ERC20 compliance, token developers can include additional features to enhance the token's usability. These optional features include:

  • Token Name: Tokens can have a name that represents their identity.
  • Token Symbol: Tokens can have a symbol as a shorthand representation of their name.
  • Decimal Points: Tokens can have decimal points to allow for fractional values.

Including these optional features provides more information and clarity about the token, making it easier for users to understand and interact.

The Importance and Impact of ERC20

The ERC20 standard has profoundly impacted the blockchain and cryptocurrency industry. Its importance lies in the fact that it introduced a standardized framework for creating tokens on the Ethereum blockchain, fostering interoperability and compatibility among different tokens and applications. Let's explore some key reasons why ERC20 is significant.

Interoperability and Compatibility

By adhering to the ERC20 standard, tokens built on the Ethereum blockchain can seamlessly interact with other tokens and smart contracts within the ecosystem. 

This interoperability allows for the creating of decentralized applications (DApps) and services that can leverage a wide range of tokens without the need for custom integrations.

Token Creation Simplification

The ERC20 standard simplifies creating tokens by providing well-defined rules and functions. Developers can focus on implementing their tokens' specific features and functionalities without worrying about compatibility issues. 

This simplification has contributed to the rapid growth of the Ethereum ecosystem and the proliferation of ERC20 tokens.

Increased Liquidity and Market Access

ERC20 tokens' compatibility and interchangeability have significantly increased their liquidity and market access. Token holders can easily trade ERC20 tokens on decentralized exchanges (DEXs) and various cryptocurrency platforms, providing them with a broader range of investment and trading opportunities.

Crowdfunding and Initial Coin Offerings (ICOs)

The ERC20 standard has played a crucial role in the rise of ICOs and token crowdfunding. By providing a standardized token creation framework, ERC20 empowered startups and projects to efficiently launch their own tokens and raise funds from a global audience. 

This democratization of fundraising has opened up new avenues for innovation and entrepreneurship.

The impact of ERC20 can be seen in the broad adoption of tokens built on the Ethereum blockchain. Let's explore some of the top ERC20 tokens that have gained prominence in the market.

List of Top ERC20 Tokens

ERC20 tokens have gained significant traction in the cryptocurrency market. Here are some of the top ERC20 tokens by market capitalization:

Tether (USDT): Tether is a stablecoin that aims to maintain a 1:1 ratio with the US dollar, providing stability in the volatile cryptocurrency market.

USD Coin (USDC): USD Coin is another stablecoin pegged to the US dollar, offering stability and liquidity for digital asset transactions.

Shiba Inu (SHIB): Shiba Inu is an experimental cryptocurrency inspired by the meme culture surrounding the Shiba Inu dog breed.

Binance USD (BUSD): Binance USD is a stablecoin created by Binance, one of the largest cryptocurrency exchanges globally, providing stability and convenience for trading.

Binance Coin (BNB): Binance Coin is the native cryptocurrency of the Binance exchange and is widely used for trading fee discounts and participation in token sales.

DAI Stablecoin (DAI): DAI is a decentralized stablecoin that aims to maintain a 1:1 ratio with the US dollar through an algorithmic stabilization mechanism.

HEX (HEX): HEX is a blockchain-based certificate of deposit (CD) designed to reward token holders with interest for holding their tokens for a specific period.

Bitfinex LEO (LEO): Bitfinex LEO is the native utility token of the Bitfinex exchange, providing various benefits and discounts to its holders.

Maker (MKR): Maker is a governance token used in the MakerDAO protocol, which enables users to create and manage the stablecoin DAI.

These are just a few examples of the many ERC20 tokens that have gained popularity and utility in the blockchain ecosystem. The diverse range of use cases and functionalities offered by ERC20 tokens highlight their versatility and potential.

Advantages of ERC20 Tokens

ERC20 tokens offer several advantages that have contributed to their widespread adoption. Let's explore some of the key advantages:

  • Standardization: The ERC20 standard provides a uniform set of rules and functions, ensuring that all tokens built on the Ethereum blockchain adhere to the same standards. This standardization simplifies token development and improves user experience.
  • Smart Contract Functionality: ERC20 tokens can leverage the power of smart contracts to automate and execute complex transactions, enabling features such as automatic transfers, approvals, and more.
  • Crowdfunding and Fundraising: The ERC20 standard has facilitated the rise of token crowdfunding and ICOs, allowing startups and projects to raise funds globally in a decentralized manner.
  • Ecosystem Integration: ERC20 tokens can seamlessly integrate with other Ethereum-based services, such as decentralized finance (DeFi) protocols, lending platforms, and prediction markets, expanding their utility and potential use cases.

These advantages have made ERC20 tokens a preferred choice for token creation and have paved the way for growth and innovation within the Ethereum ecosystem.

Disadvantages of ERC20 Tokens

While ERC20 tokens offer numerous advantages, it's essential to consider their limitations and potential drawbacks. Here are some disadvantages associated with ERC20 tokens:

  • Scalability Challenges: The Ethereum blockchain's scalability limitations can affect the performance of ERC20 tokens during periods of high network congestion, leading to slower transactions and higher fees.
  • Smart Contract Vulnerabilities: Smart contracts powering ERC20 tokens are susceptible to hacks and vulnerabilities. Any bugs or vulnerabilities in the smart contract code can result in the loss of funds or token theft.
  • Limited Token Functionality: ERC20 tokens have predefined functions and events, which might not cover all possible token functionalities. Tokens with complex functionalities require custom token standards or modifications to the ERC20 standard.
  • Lack of Regulatory Compliance: ERC20 tokens, like other cryptocurrencies, operate in a regulatory gray area in many jurisdictions. Compliance with evolving regulations can be challenging for token issuers and holders.

It's crucial for token developers and users to be aware of these limitations and take appropriate measures to mitigate associated risks.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1. What is the difference between ERC20 and ETH? 

Ether (ETH) is the native cryptocurrency of the Ethereum blockchain and network, used as a payment system for verifying transactions. ERC20 refers to the standard for creating smart contract-enabled fungible tokens on the Ethereum blockchain.

Q2. What is an ERC20 wallet? 

An ERC20 wallet is a digital wallet that allows users to store, manage, and interact with ERC20 tokens. It provides an interface for users to view token balances, send and receive tokens, and interact with decentralized applications.

Q3. Can ERC20 tokens be exchanged for other cryptocurrencies? 

ERC20 tokens can be exchanged for other cryptocurrencies on various exchanges and trading platforms supporting ERC20 tokens.

Q4. Are all cryptocurrencies ERC20 tokens?

No, not all cryptocurrencies are ERC20 tokens. While ERC20 tokens are cryptocurrencies, not all cryptocurrencies follow the ERC20 standard. ERC20 tokens specifically pertain to tokens built on the Ethereum blockchain.

Q5. Can ERC20 tokens be used for crowdfunding or raising funds?

The ERC20 standard has been widely used for initial coin offerings (ICOs) and token crowdfunding campaigns. It provides a standardized framework for token creation, making it easier for projects to raise funds globally.

Conclusion

ERC20 tokens have revolutionized the cryptocurrency industry by providing a standardized framework for creating and managing tokens on the Ethereum blockchain. 

These tokens offer interoperability, liquidity, and smart contract functionality, empowering developers and users to leverage the vast potential of the Ethereum ecosystem. 

Although ERC20 tokens have their limitations, their advantages and widespread adoption demonstrate their significance in the evolving blockchain landscape. 

As the crypto industry grows, ERC20 tokens will remain a crucial component, enabling innovation and decentralized applications on the Ethereum platform.

Disclaimer

The information provided on this website does not constitute investment advice, financial advice, trading advice, or any other advice, and you should not treat any of the website's content as such.

Token Metrics does not recommend that any cryptocurrency should be bought, sold, or held by you. Do conduct your own due diligence and consult your financial advisor before making any investment decisions.

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APIs are the connective tissue of modern applications; among them, RESTful APIs remain a dominant style because they map cleanly to HTTP semantics and scale well across distributed systems. This article breaks down what a RESTful API is, pragmatic design patterns, security controls, and practical monitoring and testing workflows. If you build or consume APIs, understanding these fundamentals reduces integration friction and improves reliability.

What is a RESTful API?

A RESTful API (Representational State Transfer) is an architectural style for designing networked applications. At its core, REST leverages standard HTTP verbs (GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE) and status codes to perform operations on uniquely identified resources, typically represented as URLs. Key characteristics include:

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REST is a pragmatic guideline rather than a strict protocol; many APIs labeled "RESTful" adopt REST principles while introducing pragmatic extensions (e.g., custom headers, versioning strategies).

Design Principles & Resource Modeling

Good REST design begins with clear resource modeling. Ask: what are the nouns in the domain, and how do they relate? Use predictable URL structures and rely on HTTP semantics:

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Design tips to improve usability and longevity:

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  2. Support versioning: include a version in the URL or headers to avoid breaking clients (e.g., /v1/...).
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  4. Pagination, filtering, sorting: standardize query parameters for large collections to avoid performance pitfalls.
  5. Use appropriate status codes: communicate success, client errors, and server errors clearly (200, 201, 400, 401, 403, 404, 429, 500, etc.).

Security, Authentication, and Rate Limiting

Security is a primary concern for any public-facing API. Typical controls and patterns include:

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Designing for security also means operational readiness: automated certificate rotation, secrets management, and periodic security reviews reduce long-term risk.

Performance, Monitoring, and AI-Assisted Tooling

Performance tuning for RESTful APIs covers latency, throughput, and reliability. Practical strategies include caching (HTTP Cache-Control, ETags), connection pooling, and database query optimization. Use observability tools to collect metrics (error rates, latency percentiles), distributed traces, and structured logs for rapid diagnosis.

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What distinguishes RESTful APIs from other API styles?

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How should I version a RESTful API without breaking clients?

Common approaches include URL versioning (e.g., /v1/), header-based versioning, or semantic versioning of the API contract. Regardless of method, document deprecation timelines and provide migration guides and compatibility layers where possible.

What are practical testing strategies for RESTful APIs?

Combine unit tests for business logic with integration tests that exercise endpoints and mocks for external dependencies. Use contract tests to ensure backward compatibility and end-to-end tests in staging environments. Automate tests in CI/CD to catch regressions early.

How do I design for backward compatibility?

Additive changes (new fields, endpoints) are generally safe; avoid removing fields, changing response formats, or repurposing status codes. Feature flags and content negotiation can help introduce changes progressively.

What should be included in API documentation?

Provide clear endpoint descriptions, request/response examples, authentication steps, error codes, rate limits, and code samples in multiple languages. Machine-readable specs (OpenAPI/Swagger) enable client generation and testing automation.

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Overview: What the Claude API Provides

The Claude API exposes access to Anthropic’s Claude family of large language models. At a high level, it lets developers send prompts and structured instructions and receive text outputs, completions, or assistant-style responses. Key delivery modes typically include synchronous completions, streaming tokens for low-latency interfaces, and tools for handling multi-turn context. Understanding input/output semantics and token accounting is essential before integrating Claude into downstream applications.

Capabilities & Feature Surface

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Primary Use Cases and Risk Considerations

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Tools, Libraries, and Ecosystem Fit

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FAQ — What is the Claude API?

The Claude API is an interface for sending prompts and receiving text-based model outputs from the Claude family. It supports completions, streaming responses, and multi-turn conversations, depending on the provider’s endpoints.

FAQ — How do I manage long documents and context?

Implement a retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) approach: index documents into a vector store, use semantic search to fetch relevant segments, and summarize or stitch results before sending a concise prompt to Claude. Also consider chunking and progressive summarization when documents exceed context limits.

FAQ — How can I control API costs?

Optimize prompts to be concise, cache common responses, batch non-interactive requests, and choose lower-capacity model variants for non-critical tasks. Monitor token usage and set alerts for unexpected spikes.

FAQ — What safety measures are recommended?

Combine Claude’s built-in safety mechanisms with application-level filters, content validation, and human review workflows. Avoid sending regulated or sensitive data without proper agreements and minimize reliance on unverified outputs.

FAQ — When should I use streaming vs batch responses?

Use streaming for interactive chat interfaces where perceived latency matters. Batch completions are suitable for offline processing, analytics, and situations where full output is required before downstream steps.

Disclaimer

This article is for educational purposes only and does not constitute professional, legal, or financial advice. It explains technical capabilities and integration considerations for the Claude API without endorsing specific implementations. Review service terms, privacy policies, and applicable regulations before deploying AI systems in production.

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What an API Key Is and How It Works

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Common API Key Use Cases and Limitations

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  • Use environment variables and secrets managers: Never commit keys to source control. Use environment variables, vaults, or cloud KMS services to store secrets.
  • Restrict usage: Apply IP allowlists, referrer checks, or VPC restrictions where supported to limit where the key can be used.
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  • Expire and revoke: Use short-lived keys where possible; immediately revoke compromised keys and revoke unused ones.

These patterns are practical to implement: for example, many platforms offer scoped keys and rotation APIs so you can automate revocation and issuance without manual intervention.

Managing API Keys in Crypto and AI Workflows

Crypto data feeds, trading APIs, and model inference endpoints commonly require api keys. In these contexts, the attack surface often includes automated agents, cloud functions, and browser-based dashboards. Treat any key embedded in an agent as potentially discoverable and design controls accordingly.

Operational tips for crypto and AI projects:

  • Use separate keys per service and environment (dev, staging, production).
  • Scale permission granularity: allow market-data reads without trading execution permissions.
  • Encrypt keys at rest and limit human access to production secrets.
  • Integrate rate-limit and quota checks to avoid service disruption and to detect misuse quickly.

Platforms such as Token Metrics provide APIs tailored to crypto research and can be configured with scoped keys for safe consumption in analytics pipelines and AI agents.

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FAQ: What Is an API Key?

An api key is a token that applications send with requests to identify and authenticate themselves to a service. It is often used for simple authentication, usage tracking, and applying access controls such as rate limits.

FAQ: How should I store api keys?

Store api keys outside of code: use environment variables, container secrets, or a managed secrets store. Ensure access to those stores is role-restricted and audited. Never commit keys to public repositories or client-side bundles.

FAQ: What's the difference between an api key and an OAuth token?

API keys are static identifiers primarily for application-level authentication. OAuth tokens represent delegated user authorization and often include scopes and expiration. OAuth is generally more suitable for user-centric access control, while api keys are common for machine-to-machine interactions.

FAQ: How often should I rotate api keys?

Rotation frequency depends on risk tolerance and exposure: a common pattern is scheduled rotation every 30–90 days, with immediate rotation upon suspected compromise. Automate the rotation process to avoid service interruptions.

FAQ: What are signs an api key is compromised?

Watch for abnormal usage patterns: sudden spikes in requests, calls from unexpected IPs or geographic regions, attempts to access endpoints outside expected scopes, or errors tied to rate-limit triggers. Configure alerts for such anomalies.

FAQ: Can I restrict an api key to a single IP or domain?

Many providers allow IP allowlisting or referrer restrictions. This reduces the attack surface by ensuring keys only work from known servers or client domains. Use this in combination with short lifetimes and least-privilege scopes.

FAQ: How do api keys fit into automated AI agents?

AI agents that call external services should use securely stored keys injected at runtime. Limit their permissions to only what the agent requires, rotate keys regularly, and monitor agent activity to detect unexpected behavior.

Disclaimer

This article is educational and informational in nature. It is not investment, legal, or security advice. Evaluate any security approach against your project requirements and consult qualified professionals for sensitive implementations.

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