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What is a Hard Fork and How Does it Work?

Discover what a hard fork is and how it works in blockchain technology. Learn about its impact and implementation in this comprehensive guide
S. Vishwa
5 Minutes
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In the world of blockchain technology, a hard fork refers to a significant and radical change in a network's protocol. This change results in the creating of two separate branches, one following the previous protocol and the other following the new version. 

Unlike a soft fork, which is a minor upgrade to the protocol, a hard fork requires all nodes or users to upgrade to the latest version of the protocol software.

Understanding Blockchain and Forks

Before delving into hard forks, it's important to understand the basics of blockchain technology. A blockchain is a decentralized digital ledger that records transactions and other events in a series of blocks. 

Each block contains data and a set of instructions, known as protocols, which dictate how the blockchain network functions. Because a blockchain is decentralized, any changes to its protocol need to be voted on and approved by its community of users. 

When developers propose major changes or disagreements arise regarding the development of a blockchain, a hard fork may be initiated to create a new and separate blockchain.

How Does a Hard Fork Work?

When a hard fork occurs, the new version of the blockchain is no longer compatible with older versions. This creates a permanent divergence from the previous version of the blockchain. 

The new rules and protocols implemented through the hard fork create a fork in the blockchain, with one path following the upgraded blockchain and the other path continuing along the old one.

Miners, who play a crucial role in verifying transactions and maintaining the blockchain, must choose which blockchain to continue verifying. Holders of tokens in the original blockchain will also be granted tokens in the new fork. 

However, it's important to note that the old version of the blockchain may continue to exist even after the fork, potentially with security or performance flaws that the hard fork aimed to address.

Reasons for Hard Forks

Developers may implement a hard fork for various reasons. One common motivation is to correct significant security risks found in older versions of the software. 

Hard forks can also introduce new functionality or reverse transactions, as seen in the case of the Ethereum blockchain's hard fork to address the hack on the Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO).

In 2016, the Ethereum community unanimously voted in favor of a hard fork to roll back transactions that resulted in the theft of millions of dollars worth of digital currency. 

The hard fork allowed DAO token holders to retrieve their funds through a newly created smart contract. While the hard fork did not undo the network's transaction history, it enabled the recovery of stolen funds and provided failsafe protection for the organization.

Examples of Hard Forks

Hard forks have occurred in various blockchain networks, not just in Bitcoin. Bitcoin itself has witnessed several notable hard forks. 

In 2014, Bitcoin XT emerged as a hard fork to increase the number of transactions per second that Bitcoin could handle. However, the project lost interest and is no longer in use.

Another significant hard fork in the Bitcoin ecosystem took place in 2017, resulting in the creation of Bitcoin Cash. 

The hard fork aimed to increase Bitcoin's block size to improve transaction capacity. Subsequently, in 2018, Bitcoin Cash experienced another hard fork, leading to the emergence of Bitcoin Cash ABC and Bitcoin Cash SV.

Ethereum, another prominent cryptocurrency, also underwent a hard fork in response to the DAO hack mentioned earlier. The fork resulted in the creation of Ethereum Classic, which maintained the original blockchain and the updated Ethereum network.

Pros and Cons of Hard Forks

Hard forks offer several benefits to blockchain networks. They can address security issues, enhance the performance of a blockchain, and introduce new features or functionalities. 

Hard forks also provide an opportunity for participants in a blockchain community to pursue different visions for their projects and potentially resolve disagreements.

However, hard forks also come with disadvantages. They can confuse investors when a new but similar cryptocurrency is created alongside the original. 

Furthermore, hard forks may expose blockchain networks to vulnerabilities, such as 51% attacks or replay attacks. Additionally, the existence of the old version of the blockchain after a hard fork may lead to security or performance flaws that the fork aimed to fix.

Hard Forks vs. Soft Forks

While hard forks create two separate blockchains, soft forks result in a single valid blockchain. In a soft fork, the blockchain's existing code is updated, but the old version remains compatible with the new one. 

This means that not all nodes or users need to upgrade to the latest version of the protocol software. The decision to implement a hard fork or a soft fork depends on a blockchain network's specific goals and requirements. 

Hard forks are often favored when significant changes are necessary, even if a soft fork could potentially achieve the same outcome.

Conclusion

Hard forks play a significant role in the evolution of blockchain technology. They allow for radical changes to a network's protocol, creating new blockchains and potential improvements in security, performance, and functionality. 

However, hard forks also come with risks and challenges, such as confusion among investors and possibly exposing blockchain networks to vulnerabilities.

As the blockchain industry continues to evolve, it's essential for investors and stakeholders to stay informed about proposed changes and forks in their cryptocurrency holdings. 

Understanding the implications of hard forks and their potential impact on the value of crypto assets is crucial for navigating this rapidly changing landscape.

Remember, investing in cryptocurrency should be cautiously approached, especially for newcomers who are still learning how blockchain works. Stay updated, do thorough research, and seek professional advice before making investment decisions.

Disclaimer

The information provided on this website does not constitute investment advice, financial advice, trading advice, or any other advice, and you should not treat any of the website's content as such.

Token Metrics does not recommend buying, selling, or holding any cryptocurrency. Conduct your due diligence and consult your financial advisor before making investment decisions.

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Research

Our x402 Integration Is Live: Pay-Per-Call Access to Token Metrics—No API Key Required

Token Metrics Team
5 min read

Developers are already shipping with x402 at scale: 450,000+ weekly transactions, 700+ projects. This momentum is why our Token Metrics x402 integration matters for agents and apps that need real crypto intelligence on demand. You can now pay per API call using HTTP 402 and the x-coinbase-402 header, no API key required.

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Summary: Pay per API call to Token Metrics with x402 on Base using USDC or TMAI, set x-coinbase-402: true, and get instant access to trading signals, grades, and AI reports.

Check out the x402 ecosystem on Coingecko.

  

What You Get

Token Metrics now supports x402, the HTTP-native payment protocol from Coinbase. Users can call any public endpoint by paying per request with a wallet, eliminating API key management and upfront subscriptions. This makes Token Metrics data instantly accessible to AI agents, researchers, and developers who want on-demand crypto intelligence.

x402 enables truly flexible access where you pay only for what you use, with transparent per-call pricing in USDC or TMAI. The integration is live now across all Token Metrics public endpoints, from trading signals to AI reports. Here's everything you need to start calling Token Metrics with x402 today.

Quick Start

Get started with x402 + Token Metrics in three steps.

  1. Create a wallet client: Follow the x402 Quickstart for Buyers to set up a wallet client (Node.js with viem or Python with eth-account). Link: https://docs.cdp.coinbase.com/x402/docs/quickstart-buyers
  2. Set required headers: Add x-coinbase-402: true to any Token Metrics request. Optionally set x-payment-token: tmai for a 10% discount (defaults to usdc). Do not send x-api-key when using x402.
  3. Call any endpoint: Make a request to https://api.tokenmetrics.com/v2/[endpoint] with your wallet client. Payment happens automatically via x402 settlement.

That is it. Your wallet pays per call, and you get instant access to Token Metrics data with no subscription overhead.

Required Headers

  

Endpoint Pricing

Transparent per-call pricing across all Token Metrics public endpoints. Pay in USDC or get 10% off with TMAI.

  

  

  

  

All prices are per single call. Paying with TMAI automatically applies a 10% discount.

Try It on x402 Composer

If you want to see x402 + Token Metrics in action without writing code, head to x402 Composer. Composer is x402scan's playground for AI agents that pay per tool call. You can open a Token Metrics agent, chat with it, and watch real tool calls and USDC/TMAI settlements stream into the live Feed.

Composer surfaces active agents using Token Metrics endpoints like trading signals, price predictions, and AI reports. It is a great way to explore what is possible before you build your own integration. Link: https://x402scan.com/composer

Why x402 Changes the Game

Traditional API access requires upfront subscriptions, fixed rate limits, and key management overhead. x402 flips that model by letting you pay per call with a crypto wallet, with no API keys or monthly commitments. This is especially powerful for AI agents, which need flexible, on-demand access to external data without human intervention.

For Token Metrics, x402 unlocks agentic commerce where agents can autonomously pull crypto intelligence, pay only for what they use, and compose our endpoints with other x402-enabled tools like Heurist Mesh, Tavily, and Firecrawl. It is HTTP-native payments meeting real-world agent workflows.

What is x402?

x402 is an open-source HTTP-native payment protocol developed by Coinbase. It uses the HTTP 402 status code (Payment Required) to enable pay-per-request access to APIs and services. When you make a request with the x-coinbase-402 header, the server returns a payment challenge, your wallet signs and submits payment, and the server fulfills the request once settlement is verified.

The protocol runs on Base and Solana, with USDC and TMAI as the primary payment tokens. x402 is designed for composability, agents can chain multiple paid calls across different providers in a single workflow, paying each service directly without intermediaries. Learn more at the x402 Quickstart for Buyers: https://docs.cdp.coinbase.com/x402/docs/quickstart-buyers

FAQs

Do I need an API key to use x402 with Token Metrics?

No. When you set x-coinbase-402: true, your wallet signature replaces API key authentication. Do not send x-api-key in your requests.

Can I use x402 with a free trial or test wallet?

Yes, but you will need testnet USDC or TMAI on Base Sepolia (testnet) for development. Production calls require mainnet tokens.

How do I see my payment history?

Check x402scan for transaction logs and tool call history. Your wallet will also show outgoing USDC/TMAI transactions. Visit https://www.x402scan.com.

What happens if my wallet balance is too low?

The x402 client will return a payment failure before making the API call. Top up your wallet and retry.

Can I use x402 in production apps?

Yes. x402 is live on Base mainnet. Set appropriate spend limits and handle payment errors gracefully in your code.

Next Steps

Disclosure

Educational and informational purposes only. x402 involves crypto payments on public blockchains. Understand the risks, manage your wallet security, and test thoroughly before production use. Token Metrics does not provide financial advice.

Research

Uniswap Price Prediction 2027: $13.50-$43 Target Analysis

Token Metrics Team
8 min read

Uniswap Price Prediction: Market Context for UNI in the 2027 Case

DeFi protocols are maturing beyond early ponzi dynamics toward sustainable revenue models. Uniswap operates in this evolving landscape where real yield and proven product market fit increasingly drive valuations rather than speculation alone. Growing regulatory pressure on centralized platforms creates tailwinds for decentralized alternatives.

The price prediction scenario bands below reflect how UNI might perform across different total crypto market cap environments. Each tier represents a distinct liquidity regime, from bear conditions with muted DeFi activity to moon price prediction scenarios where decentralized infrastructure captures significant value from traditional finance.

  

Disclosure

Educational purposes only, not financial advice. Crypto is volatile, do your own research and manage risk.

How to read this price prediction:

Each band blends cycle analogues and market cap share math with TA guardrails. Base assumes steady adoption and neutral or positive macro. Moon layers in a liquidity boom. Bear assumes muted flows and tighter liquidity.

TM Agent baseline:

Token Metrics TM Grade is 69%, Buy, and the trading signal is bullish. Price prediction scenarios cluster roughly between $6.50 and $28, with a base case price target near $13.50.

Live details: Uniswap Token Details 

Affiliate Disclosure: We may earn a commission from qualifying purchases made via this link, at no extra cost to you.

Key Takeaways

  • Scenario driven, outcomes hinge on total crypto market cap, higher liquidity and adoption lift the bands.
  • Fundamentals: Fundamental Grade 79.88% (Community 77%, Tokenomics 100%, Exchange 100%, VC 66%, DeFi Scanner 62%).
  • Technology: Technology Grade 86.88% (Activity 72%, Repository 72%, Collaboration 100%, Security N/A, DeFi Scanner 62%).
  • TM Agent gist: bullish bias with a base case near $13.50 and a broad range between $6.50 and $28.
  • Education only, not financial advice.

Uniswap Price Prediction: Scenario Analysis

Token Metrics price prediction scenarios span four market cap tiers, each representing different levels of crypto market maturity and liquidity:

8T Market Cap Price Prediction:

At an 8 trillion dollar total crypto market cap, UNI price prediction projects to $8.94 in bear conditions, $10.31 in the base case, and $11.68 in bullish scenarios.

16T Market Cap Price Prediction:

Doubling the market to 16 trillion expands the price prediction range to $14.17 (bear), $18.29 (base), and $22.41 (moon).

23T Market Cap Price Prediction:

At 23 trillion, the price forecast scenarios show $19.41, $26.27, and $33.14 respectively.

31T Market Cap Price Prediction:

In the maximum liquidity scenario of 31 trillion, UNI price prediction could reach $24.64 (bear), $34.25 (base), or $43.86 (moon).

Each tier assumes progressively stronger market conditions, with the base case price prediction reflecting steady growth and the moon case requiring sustained bull market dynamics.

Why Consider the Indices with Top-100 Exposure

Uniswap represents one opportunity among hundreds in crypto markets. Token Metrics Indices bundle UNI with top one hundred assets for systematic exposure to the strongest projects. Single tokens face idiosyncratic risks that diversified baskets mitigate.

Historical index performance demonstrates the value of systematic diversification versus concentrated positions.

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What Is Uniswap?

Uniswap is a decentralized exchange protocol built on Ethereum that enables token swaps using automated market makers instead of order books. It aims to provide open access to liquidity for traders, developers, and applications through transparent smart contracts.

UNI is the governance token that lets holders vote on protocol upgrades and parameters, aligning incentives across the ecosystem. The protocol is a market leader in decentralized exchange activity with broad integration across wallets and DeFi apps.

Token Metrics AI Analysis for Price Prediction

Token Metrics AI provides comprehensive context on Uniswap's positioning and challenges that inform our price prediction models.

Vision: Uniswap aims to create a fully decentralized and permissionless financial market where anyone can trade or provide liquidity without relying on centralized intermediaries. Its vision emphasizes open access, censorship resistance, and community driven governance.

Problem: Traditional exchanges require trusted intermediaries to match buyers and sellers, creating barriers to access, custody risks, and potential for censorship. In DeFi, the lack of efficient, trustless mechanisms for token swaps limits interoperability and liquidity across applications.

Solution: Uniswap solves this by using smart contracts to create liquidity pools funded by users who earn trading fees in return. The protocol automatically prices assets using a constant product formula, enabling seamless swaps. UNI token holders can participate in governance, influencing parameters like fee structures and protocol upgrades.

Market Analysis: Uniswap operates within the broader DeFi and Ethereum ecosystems, competing with other decentralized exchanges like SushiSwap, Curve, and Balancer. It is a market leader in terms of cumulative trading volume and liquidity depth. Adoption is strengthened by strong developer activity, widespread integration across wallets and dApps, and a large user base.

Fundamental and Technology Snapshot from Token Metrics

Fundamental Grade: 79.88% (Community 77%, Tokenomics 100%, Exchange 100%, VC 66%, DeFi Scanner 62%).

  

Technology Grade: 86.88% (Activity 72%, Repository 72%, Collaboration 100%, Security N/A, DeFi Scanner 62%).

Catalysts That Skew Bullish for Price Prediction

  • Institutional and retail access expands with ETFs, listings, and integrations
  • Macro tailwinds from lower real rates and improving liquidity
  • Product or roadmap milestones such as upgrades, scaling, or partnerships
  • These factors could push UNI toward higher price prediction targets

Risks That Skew Bearish for Price Prediction

  • Macro risk off from tightening or liquidity shocks
  • Regulatory actions or infrastructure outages
  • Competitive displacement across DEXs or changes to validator and liquidity incentives
  • These factors could push UNI toward lower price prediction scenarios

FAQs: Uniswap Price Prediction

Will UNI hit $20 by 2027 according to price predictions?

The 16T price prediction scenario shows UNI at $18.29 in the base case, which does not exceed $20. However, the 23T base case shows $26.27, surpassing the $20 target. Price prediction outcome depends on total crypto market cap growth and Uniswap maintaining market share. Not financial advice.

Can UNI 10x from current levels based on price predictions?

At current price of $6.30, a 10x would reach $63.00. This falls within none of the listed price prediction scenarios, which top out at $43.86 in the 31T moon case. Bear in mind that 10x returns require substantial market cap expansion beyond our modeled scenarios. Not financial advice.

What price could UNI reach in the moon case price prediction?

Moon case price predictions range from $11.68 at 8T to $43.86 at 31T total crypto market cap. These price prediction scenarios assume maximum liquidity expansion and strong Uniswap adoption. Not financial advice.

What is the 2027 Uniswap price prediction?

Based on Token Metrics analysis, the 2027 price prediction for Uniswap centers around $13.50 in the base case under current market conditions, with a range between $6.50 and $28 depending on market scenarios. Bullish price predictions with strong market conditions range from $10.31 to $43.86 across different total crypto market cap environments.

What drives UNI price predictions?

UNI price predictions are driven by DEX trading volume, liquidity provider activity, governance participation, protocol fee revenue, and competition from other decentralized exchanges. The strong technology grade (86.88%) and bullish signal support upward price potential. DeFi adoption rates and regulatory clarity around decentralized exchanges remain primary drivers for reaching upper price prediction targets.

Can UNI reach $30-$40 by 2027?

According to our price prediction models, UNI could reach $30-$40 in the 23T moon case ($33.14) and in the 31T scenarios where the base case is $34.25 and the moon case is $43.86. These price prediction outcomes require significant crypto market expansion and Uniswap maintaining DEX market leadership. Not financial advice.

  

Next Steps

Disclosure

Educational purposes only, not financial advice. Crypto is volatile, do your own research and manage risk.

Why Use Token Metrics for Uniswap Research?

  • Get on-chain ratings, AI-powered scenario projections, backtested indices, and exclusive insights for Uniswap and other top-100 crypto assets.
  • Spot emerging trends before the crowd and manage risk with our transparent AI grades.
  • Token Metrics helps you save time, avoid hidden pitfalls, and discover data-driven opportunities in DeFi.
Research

Bittensor Price Prediction 2025-2027 | TAO Forecast & Analysis

Token Metrics Team
7 min read

Understanding Bittensor's Speculative Nature

Bittensor operates as a community-driven token where price action stems primarily from social sentiment, attention cycles, and speculative trading rather than fundamental value drivers. TAO exhibits extreme volatility with no defensive characteristics or revenue-generating mechanisms typical of utility tokens. Token Metrics price prediction scenarios below provide technical forecasts across different market cap environments, though meme and speculative tokens correlate more strongly with viral trends and community engagement than systematic market cap models. Positions in TAO should be sized as high-risk speculative bets with potential for total loss.

  

Disclosure
Educational purposes only, not financial advice. Crypto is volatile, do your own research and manage risk.

How to read our price prediction methodology: Each band blends cycle analogues and market-cap share math with TA guardrails. Base assumes steady adoption and neutral or positive macro. Moon layers in a liquidity boom. Bear assumes muted flows and tighter liquidity. For speculative tokens, actual price prediction outcomes depend heavily on social trends and community momentum beyond what market cap models capture.

Bittensor (TAO) Price Prediction: TM Agent Baseline

Token Metrics long term price prediction view for Bittensor, cashtag $TAO. Lead metric first, Token Metrics TM Grade is 62%, Hold, and the trading signal is bullish, indicating modest project fundamentals and short-term upward momentum. Market context, Bitcoin direction and appetite for AI and research-oriented crypto projects determine capital flows into niche tokens like $TAO, so broader risk-on conditions would help sustained gains.

Concise 12-month price prediction numeric view: Token Metrics scenarios cluster roughly between $0.45 and $2.20, with a base case near $1.05, reflecting current network usage, developer activity, and token supply dynamics. Implication, if AI crypto interest and on-chain usage grow materially $TAO could approach the upper bound, while in a risk-off market or if network adoption stalls it would likely move toward the lower bound.

  • 16T: At 16 trillion, the range is $5,539.08, $6,710.41, and $7,881.74.

Token Details 

Key Takeaways

  • Highly speculative asset driven by sentiment and attention rather than fundamentals.
  • Scenario driven price predictions, outcomes hinge on total crypto market cap and viral momentum.
  • Extreme volatility characteristic - TAO can experience double-digit percentage moves daily.
  • TM Agent gist: conditions and usage growth could expand the upper range, risk-off or weak adoption could compress outcomes.
  • Entertainment risk only, not financial advice.

Bittensor Price Prediction: Scenario Analysis

Token Metrics price prediction scenarios provide technical price bands across market cap tiers:

  • 8T Price Prediction: At 8 trillion total crypto market cap, TAO projects to $2,129.86 (bear), $2,520.30 (base), and $2,910.75 (moon).
  • 16T Price Prediction: At 16 trillion, the range is $5,539.08, $6,710.41, and $7,881.74.
  • 23T Price Prediction: At 23 trillion, scenarios show $8,948.30, $10,900.52, and $12,852.74.
  • 31T Price Prediction: At 31 trillion, projections reach $12,357.53, $15,090.63, or $17,823.73.

These technical price prediction ranges assume speculative tokens maintain market cap share proportional to overall crypto growth. Actual outcomes for speculative tokens typically exhibit higher variance and stronger correlation to social trends than these models predict.

What Is Bittensor?

Bittensor is a decentralized network focused on machine learning markets, where participants contribute and consume AI services. Unlike utility tokens with broad real-world use cases, TAO operates in a niche AI context and often trades as a speculative community symbol.

TAO is the network token used for incentives and participation. Market performance depends heavily on broader interest in AI‑related crypto themes and community engagement around the project.

Risks That Skew Bearish on TAO Price Predictions

  • Extreme volatility from pure sentiment-driven price action with no fundamental support.
  • Attention cycles shift rapidly, leaving early viral tokens abandoned as new memes emerge.
  • Liquidity can evaporate quickly during downturns, creating severe slippage and exit difficulty.
  • Regulatory scrutiny may target speculative tokens as securities or gambling instruments.
  • Macro risk-off environments hit speculative assets hardest, with meme coins showing largest drawdowns.
  • Community fragmentation or developer abandonment can eliminate remaining narrative support.

FAQs About Bittensor Price Prediction

Will TAO 10x from here?

Yes, at a current price of $427.67, a 10x reaches $4,276.70. This level appears in the 16T bear and above price prediction scenarios. Meme and speculative tokens can 10x rapidly during viral moments but can also lose 90%+ just as quickly. Position sizing for potential total loss is critical. Not financial advice.

What are the biggest risks to TAO price predictions?

Primary risks include attention shifting to newer narratives, community fragmentation, developer abandonment, regulatory crackdowns, and liquidity collapse during downturns. Unlike utility tokens with defensive characteristics, TAO has no fundamental floor. Price can approach zero if community interest disappears. Total loss is a realistic outcome.

  

Next Steps

Disclosure

Educational purposes only, not financial advice. TAO is a highly speculative asset with extreme volatility and high risk of total loss. Speculative tokens operate as entertainment and gambling instruments rather than investments. Only allocate capital you can afford to lose entirely. Do your own research and manage risk appropriately.

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