What is a Hard Fork and How Does it Work?

Crypto Basics

What is a Hard Fork and How Does it Work?

Discover what a hard fork is and how it works in blockchain technology. Learn about its impact and implementation in this comprehensive guide

S. Vishwa

5 Minutes

MIN

Index

Overview of Solana Blockchain

In the world of blockchain technology, a hard fork refers to a significant and radical change in a network's protocol. This change results in the creating of two separate branches, one following the previous protocol and the other following the new version.

Unlike a soft fork, which is a minor upgrade to the protocol, a hard fork requires all nodes or users to upgrade to the latest version of the protocol software.

Understanding Blockchain and Forks

Before delving into hard forks, it's important to understand the basics of blockchain technology. A blockchain is a decentralized digital ledger that records transactions and other events in a series of blocks.

Each block contains data and a set of instructions, known as protocols, which dictate how the blockchain network functions. Because a blockchain is decentralized, any changes to its protocol need to be voted on and approved by its community of users.

When developers propose major changes or disagreements arise regarding the development of a blockchain, a hard fork may be initiated to create a new and separate blockchain.

How Does a Hard Fork Work?

When a hard fork occurs, the new version of the blockchain is no longer compatible with older versions. This creates a permanent divergence from the previous version of the blockchain.

The new rules and protocols implemented through the hard fork create a fork in the blockchain, with one path following the upgraded blockchain and the other path continuing along the old one.

Miners, who play a crucial role in verifying transactions and maintaining the blockchain, must choose which blockchain to continue verifying. Holders of tokens in the original blockchain will also be granted tokens in the new fork.

However, it's important to note that the old version of the blockchain may continue to exist even after the fork, potentially with security or performance flaws that the hard fork aimed to address.

Reasons for Hard Forks

Developers may implement a hard fork for various reasons. One common motivation is to correct significant security risks found in older versions of the software.

Hard forks can also introduce new functionality or reverse transactions, as seen in the case of the Ethereum blockchain's hard fork to address the hack on the Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO).

In 2016, the Ethereum community unanimously voted in favor of a hard fork to roll back transactions that resulted in the theft of millions of dollars worth of digital currency.

The hard fork allowed DAO token holders to retrieve their funds through a newly created smart contract. While the hard fork did not undo the network's transaction history, it enabled the recovery of stolen funds and provided failsafe protection for the organization.

Examples of Hard Forks

Hard forks have occurred in various blockchain networks, not just in Bitcoin. Bitcoin itself has witnessed several notable hard forks.

In 2014, Bitcoin XT emerged as a hard fork to increase the number of transactions per second that Bitcoin could handle. However, the project lost interest and is no longer in use.

Another significant hard fork in the Bitcoin ecosystem took place in 2017, resulting in the creation of Bitcoin Cash.

The hard fork aimed to increase Bitcoin's block size to improve transaction capacity. Subsequently, in 2018, Bitcoin Cash experienced another hard fork, leading to the emergence of Bitcoin Cash ABC and Bitcoin Cash SV.

Ethereum, another prominent cryptocurrency, also underwent a hard fork in response to the DAO hack mentioned earlier. The fork resulted in the creation of Ethereum Classic, which maintained the original blockchain and the updated Ethereum network.

Pros and Cons of Hard Forks

Hard forks offer several benefits to blockchain networks. They can address security issues, enhance the performance of a blockchain, and introduce new features or functionalities.

Hard forks also provide an opportunity for participants in a blockchain community to pursue different visions for their projects and potentially resolve disagreements.

However, hard forks also come with disadvantages. They can confuse investors when a new but similar cryptocurrency is created alongside the original.

Furthermore, hard forks may expose blockchain networks to vulnerabilities, such as 51% attacks or replay attacks. Additionally, the existence of the old version of the blockchain after a hard fork may lead to security or performance flaws that the fork aimed to fix.

Hard Forks vs. Soft Forks

While hard forks create two separate blockchains, soft forks result in a single valid blockchain. In a soft fork, the blockchain's existing code is updated, but the old version remains compatible with the new one.

This means that not all nodes or users need to upgrade to the latest version of the protocol software. The decision to implement a hard fork or a soft fork depends on a blockchain network's specific goals and requirements.

Hard forks are often favored when significant changes are necessary, even if a soft fork could potentially achieve the same outcome.

Conclusion

Hard forks play a significant role in the evolution of blockchain technology. They allow for radical changes to a network's protocol, creating new blockchains and potential improvements in security, performance, and functionality.

However, hard forks also come with risks and challenges, such as confusion among investors and possibly exposing blockchain networks to vulnerabilities.

As the blockchain industry continues to evolve, it's essential for investors and stakeholders to stay informed about proposed changes and forks in their cryptocurrency holdings.

Understanding the implications of hard forks and their potential impact on the value of crypto assets is crucial for navigating this rapidly changing landscape.

Remember, investing in cryptocurrency should be cautiously approached, especially for newcomers who are still learning how blockchain works. Stay updated, do thorough research, and seek professional advice before making investment decisions.

Disclaimer

The information provided on this website does not constitute investment advice, financial advice, trading advice, or any other advice, and you should not treat any of the website's content as such.

Token Metrics does not recommend buying, selling, or holding any cryptocurrency. Conduct your due diligence and consult your financial advisor before making investment decisions.

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AI Tokens and DeFi 2.0: Where Smart Capital is Flowing

Token Metrics Team

4 min

MIN

The crypto market is cyclical—not just in price, but in narrative. In recent months, attention has rotated from AI to DeFi, creating new opportunities for savvy investors. Let’s break down the trends.

AI Momentum Remains Strong

Projects like Vader AI, BitTensor, and Grass continue to dominate the conversation. Vader AI, part of the Virtua ecosystem, gained momentum from staking programs and Genesis Launchpad allocations. Grass, a data-layer AI protocol, claims $15M+ in revenue and recently flipped bullish on technical indicators.

BitTensor remains the leading infrastructure play in the AI space, drawing parallels to Bitcoin in its community enthusiasm and decentralization ethos. It has rebounded over 150% from its lows and is showing resilience in the current market cycle.

DeFi’s Comeback: Aerodrome and Beyond

Meanwhile, DeFi is showing signs of resurgence. Aerodrome, a DEX on the Base chain, is gaining traction through strong liquidity incentives and revenue-sharing mechanisms. Its user incentives echo the early days of Curve or Uniswap but on a chain optimized for scalability.

Virtua’s staking model is also driving a hybrid DeFi/AI strategy, blurring the lines between token utility, participation, and value capture.

Narrative Rotation: What It Means

Crypto narratives are rarely zero-sum. What we’re seeing now is a healthy diversification: AI remains dominant, but DeFi is catching a second wind. For investors, this means exploring tokens that sit at the intersection—offering strong tech, compelling incentives, and infrastructure integrations.

Closing Thoughts

Whether you’re riding the AI wave or positioning for the DeFi rebound, it’s clear that smart capital is flowing into ecosystems with tangible traction. Watch the flows, track the signals, and always be ready to pivot.

Track the Trends with Token Metrics

Token Metrics is your edge in navigating the ever-shifting landscape of crypto narratives. Our AI-powered research platform helps you spot bullish trends early, evaluate project fundamentals, and make data-driven investment decisions. Whether you're interested in AI tokens, DeFi protocols, or hybrid plays, Token Metrics provides real-time signals, technical grades, and curated indices to guide your next move.

Explore the platform at www.tokenmetrics.com and discover where smart capital is heading next.

Research

How Hyperliquid is Redefining Decentralized Perpetuals in 2025

Token Metrics Team

4 min

MIN

While most exchanges compete on liquidity or UI, Hyperliquid is rewriting the rules entirely.
This decentralized perps exchange has not only survived the bear market—it’s thriving. Backed by real revenue, a growing user base, and a unique listing model, Hyperliquid is emerging as the “Uniswap of Perps.”

The Reverse Auction Listing System

Hyperliquid introduces a novel reverse auction system for listing tokens. Bidders compete for tickers, with starting prices set at 2x the previous auction. Some tickers have fetched over $1 million, with the fees used for buybacks and burns—driving long-term value to the ecosystem.

This model isn’t just a gimmick. It introduces scarcity and gamification into token listings—something no other exchange is doing at this level.

Sustainable Revenue and Strong UX

Unlike many DEXs, Hyperliquid generates consistent trading fees, even in sideways markets. Its EVM-compatible L1 is coming soon, which could further cement it as the go-to perps exchange for serious traders.

Product-Market Fit in Action

In a space where hype often outpaces adoption, Hyperliquid offers both. It's not trying to be first—it's trying to be the best. The community listing process, upcoming L1, and high trading volumes all suggest it’s built for long-term relevance.

Smarter Trading with Token Metrics

To navigate emerging platforms like Hyperliquid, sophisticated analytics are key. Token Metrics provides a powerful suite of tools—AI-driven trading signals, token grades, on-chain data, and market indicators—to help traders make confident, data-backed decisions. Whether you're evaluating new token listings, monitoring market sentiment, or comparing DEX performance, Token Metrics equips you with everything you need to stay ahead of the curve.

Final Take

Hyperliquid is more than just another DEX—it’s a case study in how to build sustainable tokenomics and community alignment. If you’re looking for the next big infrastructure play in trading, don’t sleep on this one. And if you want to trade smarter, platforms like Token Metrics can be your secret weapon in decoding the market's next moves.

Announcements

Is Sui the Next Solana? A Deep Dive into L1 Competitors

Token Metrics Team

4 min

MIN

As the Layer 1 (L1) narrative continues to evolve, one blockchain has rapidly emerged as a serious contender to Solana’s throne: Sui. With growing infrastructure support and a strong focus on user experience, Sui is positioning itself as one of the most compelling L1 platforms in 2025.

Why the Sui Hype?

Sui has been gaining traction due to key integrations across the crypto ecosystem. Phantom wallet, known for its Solana roots, recently announced Sui support—putting Sui directly in the hands of thousands of users. Similarly, Axelar and LI.FI, major players in bridging and routing, have added Sui to their networks.

These integrations are not just symbolic; they’re strategic. By positioning itself as a supported chain across EVM-native infrastructure, Sui becomes more accessible and developer-friendly—critical factors for long-term adoption.

The SuiPlay Effect

Sui is also expanding beyond traditional DeFi and into consumer crypto. SuiPlay, a gaming-focused hardware device launched earlier this year, sold out in days. It marks a shift in L1 differentiation—no longer just about TPS (transactions per second), but about vertical-specific UX.

The gaming angle aligns with Sui’s broader push toward being the “consumer chain,” capturing not only dApp developers but also everyday users seeking smoother, gamified blockchain experiences.

Performance and Market Sentiment

Price action also favors Sui. While Solana bounced impressively from its post-FTX lows, Sui is now showing similar potential—with infrastructure support, developer traction, and consumer-facing products driving upward momentum.

The market seems to agree. Multiple indicators suggest Sui could outperform both Solana and Ethereum in the upcoming cycle. Its lower starting valuation also offers more upside, especially for value investors looking for the “next Solana.”

Final Thoughts

While it’s too early to crown Sui the definitive winner, all signs point to a strong L1 contender. Between integrations, product expansion, and market sentiment, Sui is carving a path worth watching—and potentially investing in.

Track Sui’s Momentum with Token Metrics

At Token Metrics, our AI-powered analytics tools help you track emerging L1 narratives like Sui in real time. From grade-based investment ratings and on-chain indicators to AI-generated bullish/bearish signals and technical scorecards, Token Metrics gives you the data you need to make smarter decisions. Explore Sui’s performance, compare it to other L1s, and stay ahead of the next market rotation—all in one dashboard.

Token Metrics Media LLC is a regular publication of information, analysis, and commentary focused especially on blockchain technology and business, cryptocurrency, blockchain-based tokens, market trends, and trading strategies.

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