Crypto Basics

What is a Hard Fork and How Does it Work?

Discover what a hard fork is and how it works in blockchain technology. Learn about its impact and implementation in this comprehensive guide
S. Vishwa
5 Minutes
MIN

In the world of blockchain technology, a hard fork refers to a significant and radical change in a network's protocol. This change results in the creating of two separate branches, one following the previous protocol and the other following the new version. 

Unlike a soft fork, which is a minor upgrade to the protocol, a hard fork requires all nodes or users to upgrade to the latest version of the protocol software.

Understanding Blockchain and Forks

Before delving into hard forks, it's important to understand the basics of blockchain technology. A blockchain is a decentralized digital ledger that records transactions and other events in a series of blocks. 

Each block contains data and a set of instructions, known as protocols, which dictate how the blockchain network functions. Because a blockchain is decentralized, any changes to its protocol need to be voted on and approved by its community of users. 

When developers propose major changes or disagreements arise regarding the development of a blockchain, a hard fork may be initiated to create a new and separate blockchain.

How Does a Hard Fork Work?

When a hard fork occurs, the new version of the blockchain is no longer compatible with older versions. This creates a permanent divergence from the previous version of the blockchain. 

The new rules and protocols implemented through the hard fork create a fork in the blockchain, with one path following the upgraded blockchain and the other path continuing along the old one.

Miners, who play a crucial role in verifying transactions and maintaining the blockchain, must choose which blockchain to continue verifying. Holders of tokens in the original blockchain will also be granted tokens in the new fork. 

However, it's important to note that the old version of the blockchain may continue to exist even after the fork, potentially with security or performance flaws that the hard fork aimed to address.

Reasons for Hard Forks

Developers may implement a hard fork for various reasons. One common motivation is to correct significant security risks found in older versions of the software. 

Hard forks can also introduce new functionality or reverse transactions, as seen in the case of the Ethereum blockchain's hard fork to address the hack on the Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO).

In 2016, the Ethereum community unanimously voted in favor of a hard fork to roll back transactions that resulted in the theft of millions of dollars worth of digital currency. 

The hard fork allowed DAO token holders to retrieve their funds through a newly created smart contract. While the hard fork did not undo the network's transaction history, it enabled the recovery of stolen funds and provided failsafe protection for the organization.

Examples of Hard Forks

Hard forks have occurred in various blockchain networks, not just in Bitcoin. Bitcoin itself has witnessed several notable hard forks. 

In 2014, Bitcoin XT emerged as a hard fork to increase the number of transactions per second that Bitcoin could handle. However, the project lost interest and is no longer in use.

Another significant hard fork in the Bitcoin ecosystem took place in 2017, resulting in the creation of Bitcoin Cash. 

The hard fork aimed to increase Bitcoin's block size to improve transaction capacity. Subsequently, in 2018, Bitcoin Cash experienced another hard fork, leading to the emergence of Bitcoin Cash ABC and Bitcoin Cash SV.

Ethereum, another prominent cryptocurrency, also underwent a hard fork in response to the DAO hack mentioned earlier. The fork resulted in the creation of Ethereum Classic, which maintained the original blockchain and the updated Ethereum network.

Pros and Cons of Hard Forks

Hard forks offer several benefits to blockchain networks. They can address security issues, enhance the performance of a blockchain, and introduce new features or functionalities. 

Hard forks also provide an opportunity for participants in a blockchain community to pursue different visions for their projects and potentially resolve disagreements.

However, hard forks also come with disadvantages. They can confuse investors when a new but similar cryptocurrency is created alongside the original. 

Furthermore, hard forks may expose blockchain networks to vulnerabilities, such as 51% attacks or replay attacks. Additionally, the existence of the old version of the blockchain after a hard fork may lead to security or performance flaws that the fork aimed to fix.

Hard Forks vs. Soft Forks

While hard forks create two separate blockchains, soft forks result in a single valid blockchain. In a soft fork, the blockchain's existing code is updated, but the old version remains compatible with the new one. 

This means that not all nodes or users need to upgrade to the latest version of the protocol software. The decision to implement a hard fork or a soft fork depends on a blockchain network's specific goals and requirements. 

Hard forks are often favored when significant changes are necessary, even if a soft fork could potentially achieve the same outcome.

Conclusion

Hard forks play a significant role in the evolution of blockchain technology. They allow for radical changes to a network's protocol, creating new blockchains and potential improvements in security, performance, and functionality. 

However, hard forks also come with risks and challenges, such as confusion among investors and possibly exposing blockchain networks to vulnerabilities.

As the blockchain industry continues to evolve, it's essential for investors and stakeholders to stay informed about proposed changes and forks in their cryptocurrency holdings. 

Understanding the implications of hard forks and their potential impact on the value of crypto assets is crucial for navigating this rapidly changing landscape.

Remember, investing in cryptocurrency should be cautiously approached, especially for newcomers who are still learning how blockchain works. Stay updated, do thorough research, and seek professional advice before making investment decisions.

Disclaimer

The information provided on this website does not constitute investment advice, financial advice, trading advice, or any other advice, and you should not treat any of the website's content as such.

Token Metrics does not recommend buying, selling, or holding any cryptocurrency. Conduct your due diligence and consult your financial advisor before making investment decisions.

Build Smarter Crypto Apps &
AI Agents in Minutes, Not Months
Real-time prices, trading signals, and on-chain insights all from one powerful API.
Grab a Free API Key
Token Metrics Team
Token Metrics Team

Recent Posts

Research

Bearish Signals Ahead? How to Spot Early Warnings Before a Crash

Token Metrics Team
4 min
MIN

In crypto, everything can change overnight. One minute the market’s bullish — the next, it’s bleeding red. That’s why the ability to spot bearish signals early is crucial for protecting capital and maximizing long-term gains. Token Metrics gives traders an edge with AI-driven alerts that help you act before the crash hits.

Why Most Traders Miss the Top
Retail traders often get caught in the hype. By the time “everyone” is talking about a token, it’s usually too late. The smartest investors are watching subtle changes in data: volume drops, negative sentiment, weakening momentum.

Token Metrics makes those patterns visible before price crashes.

What Is a Bearish Signal on Token Metrics?
A bearish signal is a warning based on:

  • Declining Trader Grade (below 30)
  • Negative ROI since signal
  • Volume drying up while price holds
  • Bearish crossover in trend indicators
  • Weakening fundamentals or fading narratives

These signals are automatically triggered and displayed on the Market Page.

How to Identify Bearish Tokens Early

  1. Sort by Negative ROI – See which tokens have declined most after a bold signal.
  2. Filter by Trader Grade < 30 – These are tokens losing short-term momentum.
  3. Look for Divergence – If price is flat but volume or sentiment drops, the setup may be turning bearish.

Behavioral Clues You Shouldn’t Ignore

  • Signal stops updating – Token Metrics halts signals when confidence fades.
  • Narrative dies down – No more tweets, community quiets down? Trouble ahead.
  • Trending to Stagnant – Tokens drop from Top Gainers list quickly.

Real Example: Avoiding Losses with Signal Data
Ian Balina mentioned how users avoided major losses by exiting weak tokens early thanks to falling grades and bearish signals. Instead of hoping, they acted — preserving capital and rotating into stronger plays like Launch Coin or AI tokens.

What to Do When You See Bearish Signs

  • Don’t panic – Act on data, not emotion.
  • Set stop-losses based on bold signal entry points.
  • Rotate capital into high-grade tokens or stablecoins.
  • Monitor daily – The market can flip from bullish to bearish in hours.

Combining Risk Management with Signals
Token Metrics isn’t just about finding moonshots. It’s also about knowing when not to buy or when to exit early. By using bearish signals, you protect yourself from downside while staying positioned for the next big opportunity.

Conclusion
The best crypto traders aren’t just profit-hunters — they’re risk managers. Bearish signals from Token Metrics help you anticipate weakness, reduce losses, and trade with clarity. In a volatile market, that edge can make all the difference.

Research

From Retail to Institutions: Who’s Driving the Crypto Market in 2025?

Token Metrics Team
4 min
MIN

Crypto markets are evolving — and fast. In the early days, retail investors dominated the space. But by 2025, the tides are shifting. Institutional investors, family offices, and algorithmic funds are entering the market at scale. This blog explores the growing divide — and how it’s reshaping opportunities for everyday traders.

The Rise of Institutional Money in Crypto
Over the last year, a new class of investors has emerged: professional firms with deep pockets and long-term horizons. They're no longer just “exploring crypto” — they’re actively deploying capital.

Why now?

  • Regulatory clarity in major jurisdictions
  • Bitcoin ETF approvals and crypto fund launches
  • Better custody, risk management, and analytics tools (including Token Metrics)

What Are Institutions Buying?
Institutions tend to avoid meme coins and hyper-volatility. Instead, they focus on:

  • Layer 1 Infrastructure – Ethereum alternatives like Sui and Avalanche
  • AI Tokens – Leveraging real-world utility and strong narratives
  • DeFi Blue Chips – Projects with consistent TVL and governance upgrades
  • Stable Yield Strategies – On-chain bonds, staking, and real-world asset tokens

Token Metrics has seen a spike in institutional users filtering by Investor Grade and project fundamentals.

Retail Traders Still Dominate One Arena
Retail traders are far from out — they dominate high-volatility narratives:

  • Meme tokens
  • Social coin launches (e.g., Launchcoin)
  • Short-term speculation based on influencer sentiment

Retail’s edge? Speed, risk tolerance, and virality. Many of Token Metrics’ bold signals still originate from this activity before institutions catch on.

Token Metrics Bridging the Divide
What makes Token Metrics powerful in 2025 is its ability to serve both segments:

  • Institutions use it for due diligence, grades, and long-term planning.
  • Retail traders use it for short-term signals, alerts, and narrative tracking.

This dual capability creates a level playing field, where data, not capital, is the edge.

How to Trade Based on Who’s in Control

  1. When institutions lead – expect slower but more sustainable growth. Focus on high Investor Grade tokens.
  2. When retail leads – expect fast-moving pumps and dumps. Use high Trader Grade + bold signals.
  3. Hybrid phase (now) – Use both metrics to balance volatility and long-term conviction.

Market Behavior Patterns to Watch

  • Low volatility + high inflows → Institutional buildup
  • High volume + sudden spikes → Retail-driven narratives
  • Diverging BTC vs. altcoin trends → Mixed sentiment cycles

Conclusion
The crypto market in 2025 is being driven by both the old guard and the new wave. Institutions bring maturity. Retail brings momentum. Smart investors use tools like Token Metrics to read the room — and position themselves accordingly.

Research

Trader vs. Investor Grade: How to Use Both for Smarter Crypto Bets

Token Metrics Team
4 min
MIN

Crypto trading success often boils down to timing. But how do you know when to enter — and when to stay long? Token Metrics solves this dilemma with a dual-grade system: Trader Grade and Investor Grade. Each grade serves a different investment goal, and together, they help you make more confident decisions, whether you’re day trading or holding for the long run.

What is the Trader Grade?
The Trader Grade measures short-term momentum. It uses AI to analyze price action, volume trends, technical indicators, and recent sentiment shifts. Scores range from 0 to 100, and a score above 80 signals strong short-term potential.

Use Case:

  • Perfect for swing traders and short-term opportunists.
  • Look for tokens with Trader Grade > 80 for potential breakout trades.
  • Example: Launchcoin had a Trader Grade above 90 before its 35x rally began.

What is the Investor Grade?
The Investor Grade focuses on long-term fundamentals. It’s designed for those who want to hold tokens for months or even years. This grade considers tokenomics, development activity, ecosystem strength, narrative alignment, and long-term price structure.

Use Case:

  • Ideal for long-term portfolio builders.
  • A token with Investor Grade > 80 is a strong candidate for accumulation.
  • AI infrastructure tokens and modular blockchains often rank high here.

Why Use Both?
Most traders fail by only looking at hype or short-term charts. Token Metrics lets you blend data:

  • High Trader Grade + Low Investor Grade? Consider a short-term trade, not a long hold.
  • High Investor Grade + Low Trader Grade? Consider waiting for a better entry point.
  • Both High? Green light for confidence in both entry and long-term performance.

Case Study: Balancing Your Portfolio with Grades
Users can use the dual-grade approach for smarter allocation:

  • 30% of capital to high Trader Grade tokens (short-term plays)
  • 70% to high Investor Grade tokens (long-term holds)

This method helps mitigate risk and improve overall ROI.

Where to Find the Grades
Both grades are displayed prominently across:

  • Token Detail Pages – Real-time grade updates with historical data
  • Market Page Filters – Sort tokens by grade thresholds
  • Portfolio Builder Tool – Automatically selects tokens with strong grades

Tips for Grade-Based Trading

  1. Use Trader Grade for volatile markets or when prices are accelerating.
  2. Use Investor Grade when building positions in strong narratives like AI, DeFi, or infrastructure.
  3. Avoid tokens with both grades below 60 unless you’re making a speculative bet.

Conclusion
Trading without context is gambling. Token Metrics’ Trader and Investor Grades give you a proven framework for assessing both momentum and fundamentals. Whether you’re here for a quick flip or a long-term bet, using the dual-grade system can level up your crypto strategy.

Choose from Platinum, Gold, and Silver packages
Reach with 25–30% open rates and 0.5–1% CTR
Craft your own custom ad—from banners to tailored copy
Perfect for Crypto Exchanges, SaaS Tools, DeFi, and AI Products