Crypto Basics

What is a Hard Fork and How Does it Work?

Discover what a hard fork is and how it works in blockchain technology. Learn about its impact and implementation in this comprehensive guide
S. Vishwa
5 Minutes
MIN

In the world of blockchain technology, a hard fork refers to a significant and radical change in a network's protocol. This change results in the creating of two separate branches, one following the previous protocol and the other following the new version. 

Unlike a soft fork, which is a minor upgrade to the protocol, a hard fork requires all nodes or users to upgrade to the latest version of the protocol software.

Understanding Blockchain and Forks

Before delving into hard forks, it's important to understand the basics of blockchain technology. A blockchain is a decentralized digital ledger that records transactions and other events in a series of blocks. 

Each block contains data and a set of instructions, known as protocols, which dictate how the blockchain network functions. Because a blockchain is decentralized, any changes to its protocol need to be voted on and approved by its community of users. 

When developers propose major changes or disagreements arise regarding the development of a blockchain, a hard fork may be initiated to create a new and separate blockchain.

How Does a Hard Fork Work?

When a hard fork occurs, the new version of the blockchain is no longer compatible with older versions. This creates a permanent divergence from the previous version of the blockchain. 

The new rules and protocols implemented through the hard fork create a fork in the blockchain, with one path following the upgraded blockchain and the other path continuing along the old one.

Miners, who play a crucial role in verifying transactions and maintaining the blockchain, must choose which blockchain to continue verifying. Holders of tokens in the original blockchain will also be granted tokens in the new fork. 

However, it's important to note that the old version of the blockchain may continue to exist even after the fork, potentially with security or performance flaws that the hard fork aimed to address.

Reasons for Hard Forks

Developers may implement a hard fork for various reasons. One common motivation is to correct significant security risks found in older versions of the software. 

Hard forks can also introduce new functionality or reverse transactions, as seen in the case of the Ethereum blockchain's hard fork to address the hack on the Decentralized Autonomous Organization (DAO).

In 2016, the Ethereum community unanimously voted in favor of a hard fork to roll back transactions that resulted in the theft of millions of dollars worth of digital currency. 

The hard fork allowed DAO token holders to retrieve their funds through a newly created smart contract. While the hard fork did not undo the network's transaction history, it enabled the recovery of stolen funds and provided failsafe protection for the organization.

Examples of Hard Forks

Hard forks have occurred in various blockchain networks, not just in Bitcoin. Bitcoin itself has witnessed several notable hard forks. 

In 2014, Bitcoin XT emerged as a hard fork to increase the number of transactions per second that Bitcoin could handle. However, the project lost interest and is no longer in use.

Another significant hard fork in the Bitcoin ecosystem took place in 2017, resulting in the creation of Bitcoin Cash. 

The hard fork aimed to increase Bitcoin's block size to improve transaction capacity. Subsequently, in 2018, Bitcoin Cash experienced another hard fork, leading to the emergence of Bitcoin Cash ABC and Bitcoin Cash SV.

Ethereum, another prominent cryptocurrency, also underwent a hard fork in response to the DAO hack mentioned earlier. The fork resulted in the creation of Ethereum Classic, which maintained the original blockchain and the updated Ethereum network.

Pros and Cons of Hard Forks

Hard forks offer several benefits to blockchain networks. They can address security issues, enhance the performance of a blockchain, and introduce new features or functionalities. 

Hard forks also provide an opportunity for participants in a blockchain community to pursue different visions for their projects and potentially resolve disagreements.

However, hard forks also come with disadvantages. They can confuse investors when a new but similar cryptocurrency is created alongside the original. 

Furthermore, hard forks may expose blockchain networks to vulnerabilities, such as 51% attacks or replay attacks. Additionally, the existence of the old version of the blockchain after a hard fork may lead to security or performance flaws that the fork aimed to fix.

Hard Forks vs. Soft Forks

While hard forks create two separate blockchains, soft forks result in a single valid blockchain. In a soft fork, the blockchain's existing code is updated, but the old version remains compatible with the new one. 

This means that not all nodes or users need to upgrade to the latest version of the protocol software. The decision to implement a hard fork or a soft fork depends on a blockchain network's specific goals and requirements. 

Hard forks are often favored when significant changes are necessary, even if a soft fork could potentially achieve the same outcome.

Conclusion

Hard forks play a significant role in the evolution of blockchain technology. They allow for radical changes to a network's protocol, creating new blockchains and potential improvements in security, performance, and functionality. 

However, hard forks also come with risks and challenges, such as confusion among investors and possibly exposing blockchain networks to vulnerabilities.

As the blockchain industry continues to evolve, it's essential for investors and stakeholders to stay informed about proposed changes and forks in their cryptocurrency holdings. 

Understanding the implications of hard forks and their potential impact on the value of crypto assets is crucial for navigating this rapidly changing landscape.

Remember, investing in cryptocurrency should be cautiously approached, especially for newcomers who are still learning how blockchain works. Stay updated, do thorough research, and seek professional advice before making investment decisions.

Disclaimer

The information provided on this website does not constitute investment advice, financial advice, trading advice, or any other advice, and you should not treat any of the website's content as such.

Token Metrics does not recommend buying, selling, or holding any cryptocurrency. Conduct your due diligence and consult your financial advisor before making investment decisions.

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Top Strategies for Managing Crypto Risk in 2025: Stay Profitable in a Volatile Market

Token Metrics Team
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Introduction: Why Risk Management Matters More Than Ever

Cryptocurrency has always been volatile, but in 2025, the stakes are even higher. With billions flowing into AI‑driven tokens, real‑world asset (RWA) projects, DeFi protocols, and meme coins, the crypto market is more complex than ever.

While the potential for profits is enormous, so are the risks. Poor risk management can quickly turn promising portfolios into catastrophic losses. To succeed, you need structured strategies and AI‑powered insights from platforms like Token Metrics to help you make smarter, data‑driven decisions.

This guide explores the top strategies for managing crypto risk in 2025 — helping you stay profitable even in turbulent markets.

1. Diversify Across Assets and Narratives

Don’t put all your crypto in one basket.

Diversification reduces your exposure to individual asset failures. In 2025, this means spreading across:

  • Large‑Caps (e.g., BTC, ETH): Lower risk and strong liquidity.
  • Mid‑Caps (e.g., Polygon, Arbitrum): Balanced growth potential.
  • Small‑Caps (e.g., Token Metrics AI (TMAI)): High‑risk, high‑reward narrative plays.
  • Stablecoins (e.g., USDC): For liquidity and hedging against market crashes.

Pro Tip: Use Token Metrics’ portfolio optimization tool to create a diversified, AI‑recommended allocation aligned with your risk tolerance.

2. Set Clear Position Sizes

Position sizing determines how much of your portfolio is allocated to a single asset.

Key Rule: Never risk more than you’re willing to lose.

  • Allocate smaller percentages to volatile small‑caps and larger percentages to proven, stable coins.
  • Adjust sizing based on AI‑driven asset ratings from Token Metrics, which score coins by fundamentals and risk factors.

3. Use Stop‑Loss and Take‑Profit Orders

Crypto markets move fast — sometimes too fast for manual reactions.

Stop‑Loss Orders:

  • Automatically sell assets when they drop to a pre‑set level, limiting downside losses.

Take‑Profit Orders:

  • Lock in gains when a token hits your target price, avoiding the “ride it back down” mistake.

Why It Works: These orders enforce discipline, removing emotional decision‑making from the equation.

4. Hedge with Stablecoins

Stablecoins like USDC and USDT are essential for risk management.

  • Protect against sudden market drops by keeping 5–15% of your portfolio in stablecoins.
  • Use stablecoins for buying dips without needing to sell other holdings at a loss.

Platforms like Token Metrics help track the optimal balance between stablecoins and risk assets for your portfolio.

5. Manage Leverage Carefully

Leverage amplifies both gains and losses.

  • Avoid over‑leveraging in a volatile market.
  • If using leverage, keep it low (1–3x) and apply strict stop‑loss rules.

AI‑powered insights from Token Metrics can help you assess volatility before taking leveraged positions.

6. Use Dollar‑Cost Averaging (DCA)

DCA means investing a fixed amount regularly, regardless of price.

  • Helps smooth out volatility by buying over time.
  • Reduces emotional trading decisions.

Pairing DCA with Token Metrics’ trend analysis ensures you’re accumulating assets with strong AI‑verified fundamentals.

7. Actively Rebalance Your Portfolio

Markets shift quickly. Rebalancing keeps your portfolio aligned with your goals.

Rebalance when:

  • An asset grows disproportionately large.
  • AI‑driven insights suggest a narrative is weakening.

Token Metrics’ portfolio tracker helps monitor your allocations and signals when adjustments are needed.

8. Stay Ahead of Market Narratives

Narratives drive capital flows in crypto — AI tokens, DeFi 2.0, RWAs, and more are shaping 2025.

Why It Matters:

  • Early identification of narratives allows you to capitalize on growth sectors.
  • Exiting fading narratives reduces losses from declining trends.

Token Metrics’ narrative detection tools help you spot these shifts early.

9. Secure Your Assets

Even the best portfolio is useless if it’s hacked.

  • Use hardware wallets (e.g., Ledger, Trezor) for long‑term storage.
  • Enable two‑factor authentication (2FA) on all exchange accounts.
  • Avoid storing large sums on centralized exchanges.

10. Stay Informed

Crypto moves at lightning speed. Staying informed reduces surprises:

  • Follow regulatory updates: Rules are evolving globally in 2025.
  • Track on‑chain data: Use Token Metrics to monitor wallet activity, token burns, and developer engagement.
  • Join crypto communities: Gain insights from experienced traders and analysts.

Practical Example: A Risk‑Managed Portfolio for 2025

  • 40% Bitcoin & Ethereum: Stability and staking income.
  • 30% Narrative‑Driven Assets: AI tokens like TMAI, Layer 2 solutions, and DeFi protocols.
  • 15% Stablecoins: Hedge against volatility and provide liquidity.
  • 10% Yield‑Generating Assets: Staking and liquidity pools.
  • 5% High‑Risk Plays: Speculative small‑caps or meme tokens.

‍

This portfolio balances security, growth, and liquidity.

Common Risk Management Mistakes

  • Overexposure to hype tokens: Avoid allocating heavily to meme coins.
  • Ignoring exit strategies: Always have profit targets.
  • Emotional trading: Stick to AI‑guided data, not fear or FOMO.

Conclusion

Managing risk in crypto isn’t about avoiding volatility — it’s about embracing it intelligently.

By combining diversification, automated trading tools, hedging, and AI‑driven insights from Token Metrics, you can protect your capital and position yourself for consistent growth in 2025.

In crypto, survival is success — and with the right risk management strategies, you can turn survival into long‑term profitability.

Crypto Basics

Understanding Zero Knowledge Proofs: Securing Privacy and Verification

Token Metrics Team
4
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Introduction

Zero Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) represent a groundbreaking cryptographic concept that enables one party to prove knowledge of specific information to another party without revealing the information itself. This technology is rapidly gaining traction within blockchain ecosystems and privacy-focused applications, offering novel approaches to verification and security without compromising sensitive data.

Basics of Zero Knowledge Proofs

At its core, a Zero Knowledge Proof is a method by which a prover demonstrates to a verifier that a given statement is true, without revealing any additional information beyond the validity of the statement. Introduced in the 1980s, ZKPs rely on complex mathematical algorithms to ensure that knowledge can be proven without disclosure, preserving confidentiality.

The three essential properties that characterize zero knowledge proofs are:

  • Completeness: If the statement is true, an honest verifier will be convinced by an honest prover.
  • Soundness: If the statement is false, no dishonest prover can convince the honest verifier otherwise.
  • Zero-Knowledge: The verifier learns nothing other than the fact the statement is true, gaining no additional knowledge about the actual information.

Types of Zero Knowledge Proofs

There are several approaches to implementing ZKPs, each with its trade-offs and applications. Two of the most significant forms include zk-SNARKs and zk-STARKs.

  • zk-SNARKs (Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Arguments of Knowledge): These are compact proofs that require minimal data for verification and do not require back-and-forth interaction between prover and verifier after setup. zk-SNARKs are widely used in privacy-oriented blockchains such as Zcash.
  • zk-STARKs (Zero-Knowledge Scalable Transparent Arguments of Knowledge): An evolution of zk-SNARKs, zk-STARKs remove the need for a trusted setup and improve scalability and transparency, although generating proofs may be more computationally intensive.

Applications in Blockchain and Cryptography

Zero Knowledge Proofs have considerable implications for enhancing privacy and scalability in decentralized systems. Key applications include:

  • Privacy Encryption: ZKPs enable private transactions by allowing users to confirm transaction validity without revealing participant identities or transaction details.
  • Identity Verification: Users can prove attributes such as age or citizenship without disclosing personal data, reducing risks associated with data leaks and identity theft.
  • Secure Voting Systems: Ensuring the legitimacy of votes while keeping individual votes confidential.
  • Scalability Solutions: By verifying computations off-chain with ZKPs, blockchain networks can reduce on-chain data processing, improving throughput and efficiency.

Challenges and Limitations

Despite their potential, Zero Knowledge Proofs face notable challenges that require careful consideration in practical deployment:

  • Computational Overhead: Generating zero knowledge proofs can be resource-intensive, particularly for complicated statements or large data sets.
  • Trusted Setup Concerns: Some ZKP systems, such as zk-SNARKs, require an initial trusted setup, which poses risks if compromised.
  • Implementation Complexity: Developing robust zero knowledge protocols demands advanced cryptographic expertise and rigorous security auditing.

Role of AI in Zero Knowledge Proof Analysis

Advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) have begun to complement cryptographic research, including the exploration and utilization of Zero Knowledge Proofs. AI-driven analytical tools can assist researchers and developers by:

  • Optimizing cryptographic algorithms for efficient proof generation.
  • Performing advanced pattern recognition on blockchain data enhanced by ZKPs to uncover usage trends without compromising privacy.
  • Supporting risk management frameworks by assessing protocol security based on integrated cryptographic parameters.

Platforms such as Token Metrics leverage AI-driven research to analyze emerging cryptographic technologies, including zero knowledge protocols, offering quantitative insights into technological developments and ecosystem dynamics.

How to Research Zero Knowledge Proof Projects

When evaluating projects that incorporate zero knowledge proofs, consider the following research aspects to obtain an objective and thorough understanding:

  1. Technical Documentation: Review whitepapers and technical specifications to understand the ZKP implementations and cryptographic assumptions.
  2. Community and Development Activity: Assess active developer engagement and community support to gauge project viability and ongoing innovation.
  3. Security Audits: Verify results from third-party security audits focused on ZKP mechanisms to mitigate potential vulnerabilities.
  4. Use Cases and Partnerships: Investigate real-world applications and collaborations that demonstrate practical utility of zero knowledge proofs.
  5. Analytical Tools: Utilize platforms like Token Metrics for comprehensive project ratings that incorporate AI-enhanced data on technology and ecosystem health.

Future Outlook and Research Directions

Zero Knowledge Proofs are poised to become foundational in advancing privacy and scalability in decentralized systems. Future research continues to focus on:

  • Improving efficiency of proof generation to enable wider adoption in resource-constrained environments.
  • Developing trustless and transparent protocols to eliminate the need for trusted setups entirely.
  • Expanding integration with emerging technologies such as secure multi-party computation and homomorphic encryption.
  • Enhancing interoperability between ZKP implementations across different blockchain platforms.

Continued innovation in this domain is supported by cross-disciplinary collaborations, including cryptography, computer science, and AI research.

Conclusion

Zero Knowledge Proofs offer a powerful paradigm shift in cryptography, enabling privacy-preserving verification without information disclosure. Their adoption within blockchain and related fields supports the creation of secure, efficient, and private systems. Utilizing AI-powered platforms like Token Metrics can assist in analyzing and understanding the evolving landscape of zero knowledge proof technologies.

Disclaimer

This article is for educational and informational purposes only. It does not constitute financial advice, investment recommendations, or endorsements. Readers should conduct their own research and consult professionals before making decisions related to cryptographic technologies or blockchain projects.

Research

Understanding Web3 Wallets: Your Guide to Secure Crypto Asset Management

Token Metrics Team
4
MIN

Introduction to Web3 Wallets

As the blockchain landscape evolves, the term "Web3 wallets" has become fundamental in discussions around decentralized finance and digital asset management. Web3 wallets act as a gateway for users to interact with decentralized applications (dApps), access blockchain networks, and securely manage their digital assets without reliance on centralized intermediaries.

This article explores the concept of Web3 wallets, their types, core features, and the security considerations essential for users. It also highlights how analytical platforms like Token Metrics can aid in understanding the complexities surrounding these wallets and blockchain technologies.

What Are Web3 Wallets?

Web3 wallets are software or hardware tools that enable users to store, send, receive, and interact with cryptocurrencies and tokens on blockchain networks. Unlike traditional digital wallets, Web3 wallets are designed primarily to facilitate decentralized interactions beyond simple transactions, such as signing smart contracts and accessing dApps.

They come in two main forms:

  • Custodial wallets: Where a third party holds the private keys on behalf of the user. This category offers convenience but introduces counterparty risk.
  • Non-custodial wallets: Users retain full control of their private keys. This type aligns with the ethos of decentralization, offering enhanced security but requiring users to take responsibility for key management.

Types of Web3 Wallets

Understanding the various types of Web3 wallets helps users select options that fit their security posture and use cases.

  • Software Wallets: Installed as browser extensions or mobile apps, these wallets offer easy access and integration with dApps. Examples include MetaMask and Trust Wallet.
  • Hardware Wallets: Physical devices that store private keys offline, significantly reducing exposure to hacks. Examples include Ledger and Trezor.
  • Smart Contract Wallets: Wallets deployed as smart contracts allow for programmable control over funds, including multi-signature functionality and customizable security policies.

Key Features and Functionalities

Web3 wallets provide a suite of functionalities tailored to decentralized ecosystems:

  1. Private Key Management: Safe handling and storage of private keys, either locally or hardware-backed, is central to wallet security.
  2. Transaction Signing: Wallets enable users to approve blockchain transactions through cryptographic signatures.
  3. dApp Integration: Seamless interaction with Web3 applications via standardized protocols like WalletConnect.
  4. Multi-Chain Support: Ability to interact with different blockchain networks within a single interface.
  5. Token Management: Displaying and organizing various tokens compliant with standards such as ERC-20 or BEP-20.

Security Considerations for Web3 Wallets

Security remains paramount for Web3 wallet users due to the irreversible nature of blockchain transactions and increasing cyber threats:

  • Private Key Confidentiality: Exposure of private keys or seed phrases can result in total asset loss. Users should store these securely offline.
  • Phishing Attacks: Malicious actors may use fake websites or apps to steal credentials; exercising caution and verifying authenticity is critical.
  • Software Vulnerabilities: Keeping wallet software updated and using reputable wallets can minimize risks related to bugs or exploits.
  • Hardware Storage: Hardware wallets mitigate online threats by keeping keys offline but require physical safeguarding.

Leveraging AI Tools for In-Depth Analysis

The complexity of blockchain ecosystems has led to the emergence of AI-driven analytical platforms that assist users and researchers in understanding market trends, token metrics, and network behaviors. Token Metrics is an example of such a tool, providing data-backed ratings and insights that can complement wallet usage by offering research capabilities on tokens and market conditions.

These platforms can support educational efforts by:

  • Providing fundamentals and trend analysis based on on-chain and market data.
  • Offering scenario analysis to understand potential developments in blockchain protocols.
  • Enhancing security posture by informing users about project credibility and token performance metrics.

Practical Steps to Choose and Use Web3 Wallets

Choosing the right Web3 wallet is a process that balances ease of use, security, and compatibility needs:

  • Research Wallet Types: Understand differences between custodial and non-custodial options.
  • Assess Security Features: Review if the wallet supports hardware integration, multi-factor authentication, or multisig capabilities.
  • Confirm dApp Compatibility: If interaction with decentralized platforms is important, ensure smooth integration.
  • Backup Procedures: Follow recommended practices for seed phrase storage and wallet backup.

Additionally, engaging with AI-driven platforms like Token Metrics can provide analytical depth during the research phase and support ongoing management of crypto assets.

Conclusion and Disclaimer

Web3 wallets represent a critical component of the decentralized internet, empowering users to control their digital assets and participate in blockchain ecosystems securely and effectively. By understanding wallet types, functionalities, and security measures, users can navigate this complex space with greater confidence.

Tools like Token Metrics serve as valuable resources for educational and analytical purposes, enabling deeper insight into token fundamentals and network dynamics.

Disclaimer: This article is intended for educational purposes only and does not constitute financial or investment advice. Readers should conduct their own research and consider their risk tolerance before engaging with any cryptocurrency or blockchain technology.

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