Research

Mastering Paginated API Responses: Efficiently Listing All Transactions

Learn how to reliably retrieve complete transaction histories using paginated API responses. Discover best practices, security tips, and tools for seamless crypto data analytics.
Token Metrics Team
5
MIN

Managing large volumes of blockchain transaction data is a common challenge for developers building crypto dashboards, on-chain analytics tools, or AI applications. Most APIs limit responses to prevent server overload, making pagination the default when listing all transactions. But how can you reliably and efficiently gather complete transaction histories? Let’s dive into proven strategies for handling paginated API responses.

Understanding Pagination in Transaction APIs

APIs often implement pagination to break up large datasets—such as transaction histories—into manageable portions. When requesting transaction data, instead of receiving thousands of records in one call (which could strain bandwidth or lead to timeouts), the API returns a subset (a "page") and instructions for fetching subsequent pages.

  • Limit/Offset Pagination: Requests specify a limit (number of items) and an offset (start position).
  • Cursor-Based Pagination: Uses tokens or "cursors" (often IDs or timestamps) as references to the next page, which is more efficient for real-time data.
  • Keyset Pagination: Similar to cursor-based; leverages unique keys, usually better for large, ordered datasets.

Each method affects performance, reliability, and implementation details. Understanding which your API uses is the first step to robust transaction retrieval.

Choosing the Right Pagination Strategy

Every API is unique—some allow only cursor-based access, while others support limit/offset or even page numbering. Choosing the right approach hinges on your project’s requirements and the API provider’s documentation. For crypto transaction logs or on-chain data:

  • Cursor-based pagination is preferred—It is resilient to data changes (such as new transactions added between requests), reducing the risk of skipping or duplicating data.
  • Limit/offset is practical for static datasets but can be less reliable for live transaction streams.
  • Hybrid approaches—Some APIs provide hybrid mechanisms to optimize performance and consistency.

For example, the Token Metrics API leverages pagination to ensure large data requests (such as all transactions for a wallet) remain consistent and performant.

Best Practices for Handling Paginated API Responses

To list all transactions efficiently, adhere to these best practices:

  1. Read Documentation Thoroughly: Know how the API signals the next page—via URL, a token, or parameters.
  2. Implement Robust Iteration: Build loops that collect results from each page and continue until no more data remains. Always respect API rate limits and error codes.
  3. De-Duplicate Transactions: Especially important with cursor or keyset strategies, as overlapping results can occur due to data changes during retrieval.
  4. Handle API Rate Limits and Errors: Pause or back-off if rate-limited, and implement retry logic for transient errors.
  5. Use Asynchronous Fetching Carefully: For performance, asynchronous requests are powerful—but be wary of race conditions, ordering, and incomplete data.

Below is a generic pseudocode example for cursor-based pagination:

results = []
cursor = None
while True:
    response = api.get_transactions(cursor=cursor)
    results.extend(response['transactions'])
    if not response['next_cursor']:
        break
    cursor = response['next_cursor']

This approach ensures completeness and flexibility, even for large or frequently-updated transaction lists.

Scaling Crypto Data Retrieval for AI, Analysis, and Automation

For large portfolios, trading bots, or AI agents analyzing multi-chain transactions, efficiently handling paginated API responses is critical. Considerations include:

  • Parallelizing Requests: If the API supports it—and rate limits allow—fetching different address histories or block ranges in parallel speeds up data loading.
  • Stream Processing: Analyze transactions as they arrive, rather than storing millions of rows in memory.
  • Data Freshness: Transaction data changes rapidly; leveraging APIs with webhooks or real-time "tailing" (where you fetch new data as it arrives) can improve reliability.
  • Integration with AI Tools: Automate anomaly detection, value tracking, or reporting by feeding retrieved transactions into analytics platforms. Advanced solutions like Token Metrics can supercharge analysis with AI-driven insights from unified APIs.

Security Considerations and Data Integrity

When fetching transaction data, always practice security hygiene:

  • Secure API Keys: Protect your API credentials. Never expose them in public code repositories.
  • Validate All Data: Even reputable APIs may deliver malformed data or unexpected results. Safeguard against bugs with schema checks and error handling.
  • Respect Privacy and Compliance: If handling user data, ensure storage and processing are secure and privacy-respectful.

Systematically checking for data consistency between pages helps ensure you don’t miss or double-count transactions—a key concern for compliance and reporting analytics.

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Frequently Asked Questions

What is pagination in APIs and why is it used?

Pagination is the process of breaking up a large dataset returned by an API into smaller segments, called pages. This practice prevents bandwidth issues and server overload, improving response times and reliability when dealing with extensive data sets such as blockchain transactions.

Which pagination method is best for crypto transaction APIs?

Cursor-based pagination is typically best for live or evolving datasets like blockchain transactions, as it’s less prone to data inconsistency and works well with rapid updates. However, always follow your chosen API’s recommendations for optimal performance.

How do you ensure no transactions are missed or duplicated?

Always implement data de-duplication by tracking unique transaction IDs. Carefully handle cursors or offsets, and consider double-checking against expected transaction counts or hashes for reliability.

Can I fetch all transactions from multiple addresses at once?

This depends on the API's capabilities. Some APIs allow multi-address querying, while others require paginated requests per address. When retrieving multiple lists in parallel, monitor rate limits and system memory usage.

How can AI and analytics platforms benefit from proper pagination handling?

Efficient handling of paginated responses ensures complete, timely transaction histories—empowering AI-driven analytics tools to perform advanced analysis, detect patterns, and automate compliance tasks without missing critical data.

Disclaimer

This blog post is for informational and educational purposes only. Nothing herein constitutes investment advice or an offer to buy or sell any asset. Please consult relevant documentation and a qualified professional before building production systems.

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Token Metrics Team
Token Metrics Team

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Research

NFT Rarity - What it Means and How to Calculate it?

Token Metrics Team
5 minutes
MIN

Non-Fungible Tokens, or NFTs, have exploded in popularity in recent years, with many people looking to invest in or collect these unique crypto tokens. However, not all NFTs are created equal – some are more valuable than others. One key factor that determines the value of an NFT is rarity. In this article, we will explore what NFT rarity is, how it works, and how to determine the rarity of an NFT. By understanding these concepts, investors can make more informed decisions when it comes to buying and selling NFTs.

What are Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs)?

Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) are a type of cryptocurrency token, like Bitcoin or Dogecoin. However, what sets NFTs apart from other crypto tokens is their "non-fungibility," meaning that they cannot be mutually exchanged. In other words, every NFT is unique and has its own set of properties, making them distinct from one another.

NFTs have become a popular market, with some tokens having high value compared to others. This has led to a surge in interest in NFTs, with many people wanting to invest in or collect them.

What is NFT Rarity?

One factor that determines the value of an NFT is rarity. NFT rarity refers to how common a specific NFT is within a collection. Typically, the rarer the NFT, the higher its price.

In simple words, NFT rarity refers to the uniqueness or scarcity of a non-fungible token (NFT). Each NFT is created with a unique identifier that makes it distinct from all other NFTs. However, within a collection of NFTs, there can be variations in the rarity or scarcity of the different tokens.

These variations can be based on a variety of factors such as the number of tokens in a collection, the design or artwork of the token, or the properties and attributes assigned to the token. Rarity can impact the value of an NFT, as collectors and investors may be willing to pay more for a rare or highly sought-after NFT. Additionally, NFT creators and collectors may use rarity as a way to create excitement and interest in a particular collection or token.

How Does NFT Rarity Work?

To understand how NFT rarity works, it's important to know that when a new NFT is minted, it has a set of unique properties, known as traits, that cannot be changed. While NFTs can share a trait, no two NFTs are typically identical in a randomized collection.

NFTs with rarer features are more likely to sell for a higher price than those with more common features. As the floor price of a collection increases, the rarer NFTs also tend to increase more in value than the average of the entire collection.

How to Determine NFT Rarity?

Knowing how to spot rarity beforehand can give investors an advantage when it comes to NFT collecting. This can save them time and money, and give them an edge over other traders in the marketplace with information about the value trajectory of a specific type of NFT over time.

There are a few different ways to determine the rarity of an NFT. One way is to use NFT Rarity sites like Rarity Tools. This can help you find if an NFT is rare and in high demand.

Another option is to use a Rarity Ranks Extension, such as the Rarity Ranks extension. However, installing extensions may be risky and steal your confidential data.

Another way to determine NFT rarity is to use a tool like OpenSea, which allows users to create, buy, and sell NFTs. By viewing an entire collection when clicking on an NFT, users can get a sense of the rarity of a specific token. The average collection size is 10,000 items, though this can vary for different projects.

Best NFT Rarity Checker

Determining the rarity of an NFT (Non-Fungible Token) is an important aspect of the NFT market. It can help buyers make informed decisions about the value and potential appreciation of a particular NFT. While there are several NFT rarity checkers available, it's difficult to identify the "best" one as different checkers may use different algorithms and data sources. Some popular NFT rarity checkers include Rarity.tools and Rarity Sniper.

Rarity.tools is a widely used platform that allows users to check rarity scores for a variety of NFT collections. Rarity Sniper provides a rarity score for each NFT, along with data on its trading history and price trends. Ultimately, the best NFT rarity checker depends on individual preferences and needs.

Why is Rarity Important for NFTs?

Rarity is important in the NFT market because it can affect the value and demand for a specific token. Because each look is limited to a specific number across the collection, some are statistically harder to come by – just like a Shiny Pokémon in the Pokémon universe. An NFT with a combination of rare attributes is more likely to sell for a higher price than those with more common traits.

Conclusion

In conclusion, NFT rarity is a key factor in determining the value of an NFT. By understanding how to spot and assess rarity, investors can make more informed decisions when it comes to buying and selling NFTs.

Tools like the NFT Rarity App and the Rarity Ranks Extension can be helpful in determining the rarity of a specific NFT. With this knowledge, investors can make more strategic decisions about their NFT investments and potentially maximize their returns.

Disclaimer

The information provided on this website does not constitute investment advice, financial advice, trading advice, or any other sort of advice and you should not treat any of the website's content as such.

Token Metrics does not recommend that any cryptocurrency/NFT should be bought, sold, or held by you. Do conduct your own due diligence and consult your financial advisor before making any investment decisions.

Research

Non-Fungible Token (NFT): What It Means and How It Works?

Token Metrics Team
12 minutes
MIN

The most expensive NFT sale to date was Beeple's Everydays: The First 5000 Days, which sold for $69.3 million. This highlights the growing interest in NFTs and the potential for them to be used as a vehicle for sharing virtually any form of media using the blockchain.

But what is an NFT? Let's find out.

What is an NFT?

NFTs, or non-fungible tokens, are unique digital assets with blockchain-managed ownership. They are stored on a blockchain and cannot be replicated or destroyed, making them resistant to tampering. NFTs can represent a wide range of items, including game items, digital art, collectibles, event tickets, and even ownership records for physical assets.

Unlike traditional cryptocurrencies, which are interchangeable and can be easily replicated, NFTs are non-fungible, meaning they have unique qualities that make them one-of-a-kind. This is why NFTs have gained popularity in the art world, where they can be used to verify the authenticity of a digital artwork and ensure that it cannot be copied or stolen.

How Can We Ensure Unique Authenticity?

When someone purchases an NFT, they not only receive the artwork itself, but also a digital receipt that proves that the piece is original, unique, and authentic. This receipt is stored on the blockchain and can be easily accessed and verified by anyone who wants to confirm the ownership and authenticity of the NFT.

While it is technically possible for someone to take a screenshot of an NFT and claim that they own it, this does not give them legal ownership of the artwork. Just like taking a picture of the Mona Lisa at the Louvre does not mean that you own the painting, taking a screenshot of an NFT does not give you ownership of the artwork.

To legally own an NFT, you must purchase it using cryptocurrency and store it in a virtual showcase. This allows you to own and display your artwork in a way that is secure and verifiable, and it ensures that you are the legal owner of the NFT.

NFT Basics You Need To Know

Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are unique digital files that are stored on a blockchain. A blockchain is a decentralized, public digital ledger that records every transaction that takes place on the decentralized web. This means that the entire history of an NFT, including its creator, properties, transactions, and smart contracts, is backed by a powerful blockchain.

NFTs are different from fungible tokens, such as Bitcoin or Ethereum, which are interchangeable and store value. In contrast, NFTs store data on the blockchain, making them unique and non-replicable.

Important Traits Of NFTs

Some key characteristics of NFTs include:

  • Digital ownership: NFTs are owned and controlled by the individuals who hold them in their digital wallets.
  • Permanent: The data associated with an NFT is permanently stored within the token itself. This can include images, messages, signatures, or any other data.
  • Permission-less: NFTs can be built on a permission-less blockchain, such as Ethereum, meaning that anyone can create and use them.
  • Programmable: Because an NFT is just a piece of code on a blockchain, it can be programmed to have various attributes. For example, an NFT artwork might be programmed to pay the artist royalties on every secondary sale of that artwork.
  • Unique: The uniqueness of an NFT can be verified on the blockchain, ensuring that it is one-of-a-kind and cannot be replicated.

How to Own One? 

To create an NFT, there are several steps that you can follow:

  1. Get your media ready: NFTs support a variety of file types, such as MP3 audio, JPG and PNG images, and 3D files like GLB.
  2. Set up a non-custodial wallet: This will allow you to securely store the cryptocurrency that you will use to buy, sell, and create NFTs. Wallets are also necessary for signing in and creating accounts on NFT marketplaces.
  3. Buy Ethereum or other fungible tokens: You will need to purchase cryptocurrency to cover the cost of minting your NFT.
  4. Connect your wallet to an NFT marketplace: Popular options include Rarible and OpenSea. Connect your wallet by tapping the "Connect" button in the top right corner of the screen. This will create your account and allow you to start creating, minting, and selling your NFTs.
  5. Upload your file and describe your asset: Once you have connected your wallet, you can upload your file to the marketplace and provide a description of your asset. Decide if you want to create a standalone piece or multiple copies of the same NFT.
  6. Mint your NFT: The minting process requires Ethereum for transaction approvals. Once complete, your digital artwork will be ready to be traded and purchased on the marketplace.

Once you have created your NFT, there are several things that you can do with it:

  • Buy and sell it on a marketplace
  • Trade or gift it to others
  • Use it in apps or games
  • Showcase your public NFT inventory on a platform or social media.

The Secondary Markets for NFTs

NFT minting platforms enable creators to create non-fungible tokens (NFTs) to retain more control over their creative output. These NFTs can be sold on the following secondary marketplaces:

  • OpenSea: The first and largest marketplace for NFTs, OpenSea is committed to using open protocols like Ethereum and interoperable standards like ERC-721 and ERC-1155 to enable new digital economies. The platform allows consumers to trade items freely, creators to launch new digital works, and developers to build marketplaces for their digital items. It recently launched the beta version of its Solana-based NFT marketplace.
  • Coinbase NFT: Coinbase recently opened its NFT marketplace to the public in beta. The marketplace acts as a social media platform where users can buy, sell, and interact with NFTs. It aims to make minting, purchasing, showcasing, and discovering NFTs easier.
  • Solanart: Solanart is the first and largest fully-fledged NFT marketplace on Solana. Users can easily access digital collectibles and explore, buy, and sell NFTs that run on the Solana blockchain.
  • Rarible: Rarible is a do-it-yourself NFT marketplace where creators can mint NFTs with ease. The platform's native governance token, "RARI," is used to incentivize users and give the community a voice. However, unrestricted access means that Rarible has become a place for people to mint counterfeit versions of existing NFTs.
  • Nifty Gateway: Owned by the Gemini crypto exchange, Nifty Gateway is a popular NFT marketplace that focuses on user-friendly and viral drops by celebrated artists.
  • SuperRare: SuperRare (SR) is one of Ethereum's first crypto-art NFT marketplaces. Only accepted artists can participate in the platform, where users can discover, buy, and sell tokenized digital art and showcase their collections.

The demand for secondary NFT sales is growing rapidly, leading to increased competition among these marketplaces. Like the early days of Web 1 and 2.0, the emergence of Web 3.0 has created an open market where these platforms must find ways to attract and retain customers.

Some Notable NFT Projects

The thriving NFT market has led to the launch of several high-value projects, including the following companies:

  • Yuga Labs: a blockchain technology company that develops Ethereum-based NFTs and digital collectibles. Yuga's first project, Bored Ape Yacht Club, is one of the most valuable NFT collectibles in the space. The company has also rewarded its holders with free NFTs and other perks. Yuga Labs recently acquired Larva Labs, which brings high-value projects like Cryptopunks and Meebits under the Yuga brand. The company is backed by investors like Coinbase, Samsung, and Mark Cuban.
  • Doodles: a collection of 10,000 Ethereum-based NFTs featuring unique visual traits designed by BurntToast. The Doodles collection includes rare heads, costumes, and colorways, and the universe is ever-expanding. Owners of Doodles have exclusive access to new products, merchandise, and events.
  • Okay Bears: a collection of 10,000 Solana-based NFTs. Ownership of an Okay Bear grants access to a virtuous community that will extend beyond the internet into the real world.

The Future of NFTs

Blockchain technology is known for its ability to represent assets and prove ownership. NFTs take this a step further by enabling people to potentially purchase non-fungible assets like land and gold. The global market cap for gold and real estate is over $300 trillion, so even a small percentage of that being tokenized would greatly increase the total crypto market cap. Tokenized real estate offers ordinary people the opportunity to invest in real estate, which has traditionally been difficult for the average person to participate in.

NFTs also have applications in other industries. For example, Nike recently filed a patent for NFT-enabled sneakers called "CryptoKicks." In 2019, Louis Vuitton announced plans to use NFTs to track the ownership of luxury fashion items. NFTs can also be used to tokenize certifications, degrees, and licenses, as well as sensitive data like medical records. The potential for NFTs to show ownership of any non-fungible commodity, whether real or virtual, is vast.

In conclusion, the use of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) has expanded beyond digital art and collectibles to include a wide range of real and virtual assets. The ability of NFTs to represent and prove ownership offers exciting possibilities for industries such as real estate, fashion, and even healthcare. As the technology and market continue to evolve, the potential applications for NFTs are endless.

Research

Future of Cryptocurrency - Is Crypto the Future?

Token Metrics Team
5 minutes
MIN

If you are wondering about the future of cryptocurrency, we did some digging to answer that, and more.

Cryptocurrency has gained popularity and value in recent years, with the most well-known cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, reaching an all-time high in late 2021. However, the future of the crypto market is uncertain and the subject of much debate. Some analysts predict continued growth, while others foresee a potential crash. In this article, we will explore the potential future of cryptocurrency, including potential growth, crashes, and the role of regulation. We will also discuss predictions for specific cryptocurrencies, such as Bitcoin and Ether, as well as altcoins and decentralized finance (DeFi) and autonomous organizations (DAOs).

Will cryptocurrencies take off? Understanding the potential future of the crypto market can help investors make informed decisions about their investments.

11 Significant Crypto Predictions for 2023

By examining the past trends and indications in the crypto market, it appears that the future of crypto holds exciting opportunities for investors. Here are some notable crypto predictions to keep an eye on in 2023:

Continued Popularity and Growth

Some analysts predict that the popularity and value of cryptocurrencies, particularly Bitcoin, will continue to rise in 2023. This could be due to increased acceptance by businesses and higher demand for Bitcoin exchange-traded funds (ETFs).

Steep Crash

However, others believe that the crypto market is unstable and vulnerable to a crash. In 2022, Bitcoin's price fell by roughly 40% due to factors such as slowing economic growth and rising interest rates. This bearish market may continue into 2023, leading to a potential crash.

Volatility and Regulation

Regardless of whether the market experiences growth or a crash, it is likely that Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies will continue to be volatile. This volatility could be mitigated by increased regulation of the crypto market, which some predict will play a more significant role in 2023.

DeFi and DAOs

The shift toward decentralized finance (DeFi) and autonomous organizations (DAOs) is expected to continue in 2023. DeFi aims to remove the need for middlemen in traditional financial products, while DAOs are a new type of internet community based on blockchain technology. These developments could help to increase the stability and growth of the crypto market.

Bitcoin's Price

Some analysts predict that Bitcoin's price will continue to rise, potentially reaching $100,000 by the end of the year. Others believe that the market is unstable and could experience a crash.

Increased Adoption

It is predicted that over 500 million people worldwide will invest in and own Bitcoin by the end of 2023. This could be due to increased awareness and acceptance of the cryptocurrency.

ETF Approval

The approval of the first spot Bitcoin ETF in the US is possible in 2023. This would allow investors to have direct exposure to the cryptocurrency itself, rather than just tracking Bitcoin futures contracts.

DeFi and DAOs

The shift toward DeFi and DAOs is expected to continue and could become the highest growth areas of the crypto market.

Ether's Performance

Some analysts predict that Ether, the second-largest cryptocurrency by market value, will outperform Bitcoin again in 2023.

Regulation

It is possible that regulation of the crypto market will play a more significant role in 2023, potentially helping to stabilize the market.

Altcoins

The performance of altcoins, or alternative cryptocurrencies, is uncertain. Some may experience growth, while others could struggle. It is important for investors to carefully research and evaluate individual altcoins before making any investments.

Key Takeaways

When we see crypto from the growth perspective, there is a fair chance of getting the climb in 2023, especially for Bitcoin. However, Ether can take over the throne owing to the stats of 2022.

If you are seeking expert research and analysis to inform your investment decisions, consider signing up for Token Metrics. Our platform can provide you with access to the best performing cryptocurrencies with just a click. Explore our plans to learn more.

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